Symbols, Distances and Directions

1. Symbols, Distances and Directions

2. What is a map? Maps show a plan view of an area of the world. This can be a large area – like Australia … … or a small area, like your back yard. What types of maps are you familiar with?

3. We often use maps in everyday life We use maps to • find our way between cities and towns

4. We often use maps in everyday life We use maps to • find our way within a city or town

5. We often use maps in everyday life We use maps to • find our way around a shopping centre

6. We often use maps in everyday life We use maps to • find our way around the zoo!

7. What are the features of maps? Title Names the place a map is representing Cape Beauty

8. N What are the features of maps? North pointer Shows the orientation of a map

9. What are the features of maps? Key or legend explaining symbols Symbols represent features or objects. A key or legend explains the symbols used.

10. What are the features of maps? Scale Scale is the relationship between a unit of length on a map and the corresponding length over ground.

11. Using different symbols on maps Maps use different symbols to represent features. For example: • hospitals • toilets • tourist information • accommodation • airports Have you seen different symbols used to represent these features on maps?

12. Using different symbols on maps There are many ways to draw symbols. For example, an airport could be represented by:

13. Symbols in colour Sometimes symbols on maps are different colours. What colour usually represents water on a map?

14. Symbols in colour Sometimes symbols on maps are different colours. What colour usually represents water on a map? Answer – Blue

15. Symbols in colour What colour usually represents parkland on a map?

16. Symbols in colour What colour usually represents parkland on a map? Answer – Green In what other ways could you use colour to identify the features of this map?

17. Answer –Ambulance station Reading symbols on maps Which building is next to the hospital?

18. Answer –A lookout Reading symbols on maps Which feature is at the end of the cape?

19. Answer –Two Reading symbols on maps How many shopping centres are shown?

20. Answer –Post office Reading symbols on maps Only one type of shop is specified – which one is it?

21. Answer –High school Reading symbols on maps Which school is the railway line closest to?

22. Directions on maps Maps usually have a north pointer. It might be a simple arrow.

23. Directions on maps Or a map could show an eight-point compass. This shows the four cardinal points of the compass and the directions halfway between them. Maps usually have a north pointer. It might be a simple arrow.

24. Directions on maps Which points on the compass do you think are the cardinal points? orth What do you think cardinal means? Answer – Of main importance est ast What do the letters on the cardinal points stand for? outh

25. Directions on maps What are the directions shown between the cardinal points? What is the opposite direction to: North-east • north? • south-west? West • north-west? • east? South-east South

26. Working out directions In what direction is the church from the doctor? Answer – South

27. Working out directions In which directions does Johnson St run? Answer – East–west

28. Working out directions Which streets run north–south? Answer – High St and Brown St

29. Working out directions In which direction is the Fire station from Blair College? Answer – North-east

30. Working out directions Imagine you are outside the Fire station. In which directions would you walk to get to the Church? Answer – West and south

31. Working out directions Now make up your own direction questions.Try them out on your classmates.

32. Compasses What is a compass? What is it used for? What other devices do we now have that provide this information?

33. Compasses Compasses show bearings. A bearing is the direction defined by the angle measured from north. On this picture, you can see that south has a bearing of 180O. What else does this picture tell you about bearings?

34. Compasses Bearings are measured from the north point, which has a bearing of 0O. Bearings are measured in degrees, moving clockwise from the north point. Just like a circle, compass bearings have a total of 360O. How many degrees are there between the cardinal points on a compass?

35. Compasses What bearing is west? Answer – 270O What bearing is south-east? Answer – 135O What bearing is north-west? Answer – 315O

36. Compasses Which direction has a bearing of 45O? Answer – North-east Which direction has a bearing of 180O? Answer – South Which direction has a bearing of 225O? Answer – South-west Which direction has a bearing of 360O? Answer – North

37. Scale Maps show features of the physical world, smaller than they really are, but in the correct proportions. The area shown by this map is scaled down. Scale tells you the relationship between the distances shown on a map and the actual distances. What do you think the scale might be for this map?

38. Scale A linear scale is a scale shown on a line of measurement.

39. Scale A linear scale is a scale shown on a line of measurement. A ratio scale is a scale expressed as a proportion.

40. Scale On this map, the ratio scale is 1:500 000. This means that 1 cm on the map represents 500 000 cm on the ground. 500 000 cm is equal to 5000 m or 5 km.

41. Scale Assume that Dry Town and Port Town are 3 cm apart, as the crow flies. How far apart are they on the ground? Answer – 15 km

42. Scale If the two towns are 3.5 cm apart by road, how far is it to drive between the towns? Answer – 17.5 km

43. Scale Assume that Bigtown and Queenstown are 7 cm apart on the map. How far apart are they on the ground? Answer – 35 km

44. Scale Scale can be written in different ways on maps. On the map you’ve been looking at, it was written like this: This scale can also be written as a sentence: 1 cm on the map represents 5 km on the ground. Or even as an equation: 1 cm = 5 km

45. Scale What do you think the difference is between a large-scale map and a small-scale map? Which shows more detail – a small-scale map or a large-scale map? In what situations would a large-scale map bemore useful than a small-scale map? In what situations would a small-scale map be more useful than a large-scale map?

46. Scale Using the linear scale, estimate the distance from Bigtown to each of the other towns, by road. Which scale do you think is easier to use – the ratio scale or the linear scale? Why?

47. Representing height on maps Maps are printed on a flat surface. But many maps show the heights of different places on land, and the depths of different places in water. Cartographers use several different ways to show 3D shape on a 2D map. Why is it useful to show heights and depths on a map?

48. Showing elevation – spot heights What are the spot heights shown on this map? Suggest why names are often included with spot heights. Spot heights are a type of point symbol.What do you think this means?

49. Showing elevation – hachures A hachure is a short, hand-drawn line. Drawing a series of hachures on a map can give the idea of mountains, hills, valleys and rivers. Hachures might not give exact heights, just a general impression.

50. Showing elevation – hachures A hachure is a short, hand-drawn line. Drawing a series of hachures on a map can give the idea of mountains, hills, valleys and rivers. Hachures might not give exact heights, just a general impression. On a small-scale map, hachures might look like this: