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Coronal Hole recognition by He 1083 nm imaging spectroscopy. O. Malanushenko (NSO) and H.P.Jones (NASA's GSFC). Tucson, Arizona, USA. Solar Image Recognition Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 23- 24 October, 2003. Coronal Hole recognition by He 1083 nm imaging spectroscopy.
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Coronal Hole recognition by He 1083 nm imaging spectroscopy O. Malanushenko (NSO) and H.P.Jones (NASA's GSFC) Tucson, Arizona, USA Solar Image Recognition Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, 23- 24 October, 2003
Coronal Hole recognition by He 1083 nm imaging spectroscopy. O. Malanushenko (NSO) and H.P.Jones (NASA's GSFC) The location of a coronal hole (CH) in the upper chromosphere is usually based on equivalent width (EqW) images in the He 10830 line. A CH is seen on these images as bright areas, which represent low values of EqW. But it is difficult to differentiate a CH from the bright centers of chromospheric network (CN) without complementary data and the skill of an experienced of observer . To remove the above ambiguity we apply a new spectral analysis technique to compare parameters of a He I 1083 nm line in CH and CN. We used imaging spectroscopy data obtained with the NASA/NSO spectromagnetograph 00/04/17 (Malanushenko and Jones, 2002, BAAS 33, 700). We fit a Gaussian profile to the main component of the He line and deduce the parameters of central intensity (I), half width at halfmaximum (Hw) and line shift (V). On the Hw-images, CHs are distinguished from the surrounding regions as bright areas; similarly, they are also seen as bright on the I-images. Chromospheric network is seen on Hw-images as opposite in contrast to the I-images, and this distinction is the basis for our CH identification method. We normalize the I- and Hw-images by subtracting their respective quiet-sun means and dividing by the corresponding standard deviations. The sum of the normalized I- and Hw-images shows increasing contrast of the CH and a depression of contrast in the network, and can be used as an independent CH diagnostic.
Imaging spectroscopy data at He I 1083 nm NSO/KP Vacuum Telescope with the NASA/NSOspectromagnetograph The location of a CH in the upper chromosphere is usually based on Intensity or EqW images in the He 10830 line. CH Q 3D imaging spectroscopy: 2D space & 1D spectral dimension The date of observation: 17, April, 2000 Space resolution: 1.10"/pix (averaged to 2.68 "/pix) Spectral resolution: 0.083 Å/pix (2.3 km/s)
Coronal Hole recognition on intensity images a c b d Image of CH at He line (a), and the same image with contours2%, 1%, 0% (b,c,d) above average value of quiet sun as an example of unsuccessful attempts to contour CH area (b - too small, d - too large, c – good size of CH, but contour outlines cells of network also). It is difficult to differentiate a bright CH from the bright centers of chromospheric network.
Spectral data reduction - preliminary For dark and flat-field correction we used a special technique for synoptic observations (Jones, 2003, in preparation) Alignment of spectra to solar lines: shift and scale wavelength to fixed position of Si I 1082.71 nm and Na I 1083.49 nm -to minimize variability due to solar rotation - to correct for instrumental variations of dispersion Na I 1083.49 Normalization by linear fit to continuumas seen in Atlas spectrum. Problem: Comparison SPM spectra and Atlas spectrum show that linear interpolation for continuum is not adequate for analysis of He line in our data 5
Spectral data reduction - continuum Normalization to non-linear continuum: Idea: getting a right continuum from a well calibrated reference spectrum {V.Malanushenko et el, 1992, A&A, 259, 567}. We used NSO Atlas as reference spectrum {Wallace et el: 1993, N.S.O. Technical Report, #93-001}. • Main steps of procedure : • Calculate ratios between individual spectra and reference spectrum • Select spectral zones where ratio is less sensitive to solar and instrumental variations • Define a non-linear continuum as fitting function trough the zones. • Normalize our spectrum to continuum
Reduction: de-blending of spectra and Gaussian profile fitting De-blendingof He line: We perform a multi-profile fitting of average spectrum to get average spectrum without He lines, and we subtract it from each individual spectrum. He line parameters: We select a spectral zone at central part of He line and fit a Gaussian function to each spectrum to define: central intensity(I), HWHM (Hw) and line shift (V).
Parameters of fitted Gaussian profiles CH Q Intensity (I): CH (red strip) and the center of CN (blue strip) have resembling values of intensity I and it is easy to misinterpret them. Half width (Hw): Hw in CH is bigger than the Hw in average spectrum, but Hw in the center of CN is smaller. This reflects a difference in their physical conditions. Hw-I: Hw and I have positive correlation for CH and anti-correlation in Q. Line shift (V): The centers of CH and CN reveal blue line shifts. The line shift in CH (as well as the “I”) is bigger than in CN. I-V: I and V variations correlate for both CH and CN. To see a sum and difference between parameters we normalize them by subtracting their respective quiet-sun means and dividing by the corresponding standard deviations. Parameters of the Gaussian profiles for a single row of data. The horizontal solid lines represent the values for average spectrum.
Hw normalization and Criterion for CHrecognition Inrm=(I-Iavr)/s I nrm+Hwnrm :level=2s c a c Hwnrm=(Hw-Hwavr)/s I nrm- Hwnrm b d The both normalized I(a) and Hw (b) images show bright CH. Borders and centers of CN are in opposite contrast on I(a) and Hw (b) images . The sum I+Hw(c) shows a double contrast of the CH and depresses the contrast of CN and we can objectively outline CH. The difference I-Hw(d) cancels the contrast of CH and increases the contrast of CN.
Line shift normalization Inrm=(I-Iavr)/s I nrm+Vnrm a c Vnrm=(V-Vavr)/s I nrm-Vnrm b d Normalized I (a) and V(b) images show an opposite contrast for both CH and CN features. The sum I+V (c) cancelcontrast of both CH and CN.The difference I–V (d) shows double contrast of the CH and CN. Smallincrease of V in center of CH is similar to increasing V in center of good developed centers of CN.
Summary • We applied a new method for the analysis of He 1083 nm imaging spectroscopy data to study a CH in the upper chromosphere. We have found: • He line profiles in CH have not only larger intensity relative nearby Q, but their Hw are 1.5-2.0 km/s broader and they show blue line shift up to 4 km/s. • Hw of the He profile in CHs and in chromospheric network are different. We use this difference to distinguish a CH from a quiet sun. The sum of normalized I and Hw images shows increasing contrast of CH and a depression a contrast in the network, and can be used as an objective coronal hole diagnostic. Intensity Hw & Intensity Acknowledgments: This research was partially supported by NASA Supporting Research and Technology task 344-12-52-14 and 344-12-52-19. NSO/Kitt Peak data used here were produced cooperatively by AURA/NSO, NASA/ GSFC, and NOAA/SEC.