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Honors Biology CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

Honors Biology CHAPTER 8 REVIEW. “Sex in the Cell City”. ASEXUAL 1 parent Forms identical cells Forms 2 daughter cells. SEXUAL 2 parents Forms different cells Forms 4 daughter cells. #1 Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction:. #2 Compare: Chromatin, Chromosomes, Chromatids. ANSWER.

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Honors Biology CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

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  1. Honors BiologyCHAPTER 8 REVIEW “Sex in the Cell City”

  2. ASEXUAL 1 parent Forms identical cells Forms 2 daughter cells SEXUAL 2 parents Forms different cells Forms 4 daughter cells #1 Contrast asexual and sexualreproduction:

  3. #2 Compare: Chromatin, Chromosomes, Chromatids

  4. ANSWER • ALL ARE DNA + PROTEIN • Chromatin – loose in interphase • Chromosomes – dense and coiled in mitosis- connected by a centromere Chromatid – condensed - paired with identical sister chromatid

  5. To determine the number of chromosomes, count the centromere regions • There are 3 chromosomes here There are 6 chromosomes here

  6. #3 What do you call… • A fertilized egg • Zygote • Fertilization • Joining of the egg and sperm

  7. #4 • What do you call asexual reproduction in prokaryotes? • Binary fission • What do you call asexual reproduction in eukaryotes? • mitosis

  8. Asexual and Sexual Repro • How do the chromosome numbers compare before and after reproduction in each? • EXAMPLE:If the original cell had 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would each cell have after each type of reproduction?

  9. ANSWER • Sexual Reproduction -resulting cells have half the number of chromosomes • (start with 20 – end with 10 chromosomes) • Diploid to haploid • Asexual Reproduction -resulting cells have the identical number of chromosomes • (start and end with 20 chromosomes) • Diploid to diploid

  10. #5Contrast DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes • Shape • Size • complexity

  11. PROKARYOTES One Circular chromosome Smaller (3,000 genes in bacterium) simpler EUKARYOTES Many Long strands of chromosomes Larger ( 100,000 genes in humans) More complex ANSWER #5 Chromosomes differ in…

  12. #4 Compare the number of genes: • Humans to bacteria • ANSWER: • 100,000 to 3,000

  13. 6. Put in correct order • Telophase • Anaphase • Metaphase • Prophase • Prometaphase

  14. 6. ANSWER • P PM M A T • Prophase • Prometaphase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

  15. 7. How does nuclear membrane change? • In prometaphase • dissolves • In telophase • reforms

  16. 8. What is…? • Cytokinesis • Division of the cytoplasm

  17. PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS 8. How is cytokinesis different in…

  18. PLANT CELLS Form cell plate ANIMAL CELLS Form a cleavage furrow by pinching in the cytoplasm 8. ANSWER

  19. 8. (continued) Define: • Cell plate • Cleavage furrow

  20. Cell plate In plant cells the cell wall will form Cleavage Furrow Pinching of the cytoplasm by actin pulling like a drawstring 8. ANSWER

  21. 9. What goes on in each? • G1 • S • G2

  22. ANSWER • G1growsin size, increases organelles • S DNA synthesis (replicates) • G2 makes centrioles for cell division + growth

  23. What is the purpose of… • Mitosis?A. make bigger cells • B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells • C. make copies of cells with twice the number of chromosomes • D. decrease the number of cells

  24. ANSWER • B. make exact copies of cells in two daughter cells

  25. 10. Locate • Chromatids • Centromeres • Asters • Centrioles • spindles

  26. 10. ANSWER Chromatids Centromeres asters Spindles centrioles

  27. 11. Spindles • What is the difference between the kinetochore and the non-kinetochore spindles? • Kinetochore spindles are attached to the chromatids and shorten • Non-kinetochore spindles go pole-to-pole and lengthen the cell

  28. 11. What makes the… • Chromatids move to the poles (centrioles)? • Kinetochore spindles shorten and motor proteins power the movement

  29. 11. ANSWER • kinesin motor protein • Motor Proteins (dynein)-use ATP to grab and move the chromatid

  30. 12. Growth Factor • Chemical produced outside of the cell to start the cells to begin the cell cycle • EX: when you have a cut

  31. 12. What is the purpose ofa growth factor? • naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cellular growth • Remember the mice would healing article at the beginning of the year? What did VEGF do? (grape-seed article) • Create blood vessels if at an injury site

  32. 13. MATCHING 1 Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2 cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3 cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition

  33. 13. MATCHING ANSWERS 1-C Cells divide A. anchorage until reach a definite dependence limit (other cells, walls) 2-A cells need contact B. cancer cells to grow 3-B cells continue to grow C. density- Uncontrollably dependent inhibition

  34. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS • A. carcinoma • B. sarcoma • C. lymphoma • D. leukemia • E. metastasis • 1. spread of cancer cells beyond site • 2. cancer from bone marrow • 3. cancer from outer skin or linings • 4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle) • 5. cancer of lymphatic system

  35. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS • 3 A. carcinoma • 4 B. sarcoma • 5 C. lymphoma • 2 D. leukemia • 1 E. metastasis • 1. spread of cancer cells beyond site • 2. cancer from bone marrow (makes WBC) • 3. cancer from outer skin or linings • 4. support tissue cancers (bone, muscle) • 5. cancer of lymphatic system

  36. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS • Benign • Malignant • tumor • 1. tumor growth spread to other tissue • 2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site • 3. abnormal growth of cells

  37. 14. MATCH THE CANCERS • 2 Benign • 1 Malignant • 3 tumor • 1. tumor growth spread to other tissue • 2. abnormal growth but not beyond original site • 3. abnormal growth of cells

  38. 15. What is the name of the gene that... • Gene that causes breast cancer • P27 (on chromosome 12 FYI) • Spellchecks DNA for errors and repairs them? • p53

  39. 17. What is the name of… • The protein that signals each phase of the cell cycle to start? • Cyclins • (build up and break down)

  40. How do cyclins and cdk’s work together? • Cdk is an enzyme that attaches to cyclin to form MPF (maturation promotion factor) to begin that part of the cell Cycle Phosphate group activates with energy

  41. 18. How are cancer cells... • Abnormal in the cell cycle?

  42. ANSWER • Do not have a properly functioning cell cycle control system-grow uncontrollably

  43. 18. What body cells... • Divide a lot? • Not at all after formed?

  44. Divide a lot skin blood digestive tract Don’t divide after formed Nerve (brain) muscle 18. What cells…

  45. 18. What part of the cell cycle… • Is when cells that do not divide leave the cell cycle or go to differentiate? • G0

  46. Chromatin thickens nuclear envelope disappears nuclear envelope reforms Prophase prometaphase telophase 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis

  47. Centrioles moving to the opposite poles spindle fibers form cell plate forms Prophase prophase Telophase/ cytokinesis 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis

  48. Chromosomes line up at the equator cytoplasm divides Metaphase cytokinesis 19. Name the Phase of Mitosis

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