Competency MS211.00 Interpret the importance of preventive health care practices

1. Competency MS211.00 Interpret the importance of preventive health care practices MS 211.01 Explain healthy behavior patterns

2. What is Wellness? • According to the National Institute of Wellness………. • Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a moresuccessful existence.

3. What is Wellness? • World Health Organization • Wellness/Health is mental, physical, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.

4. Benefits of Healthy Habits • Enhances work performance • Increases fleXibility • Energizes • Reduces depression • Controls body fat & weight • Intensifies muscle strength • Self-esteem • Enhances cardiovascular function

5. Benefits of Healthy Habits • Rejuvenates the body • Enhances memory • Stress reduction • Terminates fatigue

6. Benefits of Healthy Habits • Promotes organ efficacy • Offers less body fatigue • Promotes Self-image and appearance • Gives Total feeling of well-being • Promotes Upper body strength • Improves Resistant to muscle injury • Increases Energy levels

7. Avoid Harmful Substances and Risks • By avoiding substances/risks such as alcohol, drugs, tobacco, sexual promiscuity, and driving at excessive rates of speed, you may reap the following benefits:

8. Avoid Harmful Substances and Risks • Improved work and school performance • Involvement in fewer accidents • Avoid accidental death (did you know that traffic accidents are the leading cause of death among teens?)

9. Avoid Harmful Substances and Risks • Improved coping mechanisms • Better decisions • Enhanced self-esteem • Improved psychological well-being

10. Competency MS211.00 Interpret the importance of preventive health care practices MS 211.02 Determine the value of health screenings and immunizations

11. Routine Health Screenings • Well-checks • Detect potential problems early • Review any chronic health conditions • Evaluate effectiveness of medications • “Anticipatory guidance” • Assess any changes since last visit • Recommendations vary with age and overall health

12. Routine Health Screenings • Cholesterol screening • Main risk factor for coronary heart disease • Can be controlled by diet, exercise, medication • Recommended for men beginning at 35 women beginning at 45.

13. Routine Health Screenings • Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) • Protein produced by prostate gland and secreted into bloodstream • PSA levels rise with enlargement of prostate. Enlargement can be benign or malignant. • An elevated PSA is an indication for further testing. • Recommendations vary. Most recommend yearly screening for men over 50.

14. Routine Health Screenings • Mammogram • X-ray of breast to detect changes in breast tissue. • Used in addition to breast self-exam to detect possible tumors • Changes detected on mammograms require follow-up to determine if they are benign or malignant • Recommended every 1-2 years in women over 40. Women with a higher risk of breast cancer may start earlier or have mammograms more frequently.

15. Routine Health Screenings • Breast/Testicular Self-examination • Techniques taught to patient • Patient examines own breast (women) or testes (men) for changes, masses, lumps, tender areas • Should be done on a monthly basis • Any abnormalities should be reported to MD for follow-up.

16. Routine Health Screenings • Papanicolaou (Pap) Test • Examines cells from the cervix, and vagina • Detects presence of inflammation, infection, abnormal cells and cancer • Should be done annually on all women who are 18 or earlier if sexually active.

17. Routine Health Screenings • Colo-rectal examination • Screens for cancer of the colon and/or rectum • Colo-rectal cancer is the 4th most common type of cancer is the US and the second leading cause of cancer death. • Risks of colo-rectal cancer increase with age, family history, ulcerative colitis and diets high in fat and low in fiber.

18. Routine Health Screenings • Colo-rectal examination • Fecal occult blood test involves checking for hidden blood in the stool. Should be performed every 1-2 years in people over 50. • Sigmoidoscopy uses a lighted instrument inserted into to rectum and lower colon. Colonoscopy uses a lighted instrument inserted along the entire length of the colon.

19. Routine Health Screenings • Colo-rectal examination • Both these procedures can show cancerous or pre-cancerous lesions in the colon. These may be recommended regularly after age 50 in high-risk individuals.

20. Routine Health Screenings • Skin Screening • Skin cancer is most common cancer in US. Nearly all skin cancers occur in fair-skinned people who have been exposed to the sun for extended periods. • Skin cancers are easily detected by visual examination. • Patients should examine their skin periodically for any changes. These changes should be reported to MD for follow-up.

21. Screening for Vision Problems • Snellen Charts • Come in a variety of types • Some contain pictures for small children • Some have E in various positions (Pt. points in direction of E) for non-English speaking people or non-readers

22. Screening for Vision Problems • Snellen Charts • Some contain letters of the alphabet • Characters (letters or pictures) on the chart come in specific heights - smallest at bottom of chart. • Snellen charts test only for myopia.

23. Screening for Vision Problems • NORMAL VISION = 20/20 • When standing 20 feet from the chart, a person should be able to see characters 20 mm high • The top number represents the distance from the chart.

24. Screening for Vision Problems • NORMAL VISION = 20/20 • To test for hyperopia, a printing book or cards are used. • Color blindness is usually tested using the Ishihara method

25. Ishihara Plates What numbers do you see?

26. Ishihara Plates What numbers do you see?

27. Vision Screening Abbreviations • OD Right Eye • OS Left Eye • OU Both Eyes

28. Vision Screening Terms • Myopia Nearsighted, defect in distance vision • Hyperopia Farsighted, defect in close vision • Ophthalmoscope Instrument for examining the eye • Tonometer Instrument to measure intraocular pressure • (Increased intraocular pressure is a sign of glaucoma)

29. Immunizations • Haemophilus Influenza, type B (HIB) • Causes meningitis and pneumonia in young children. • 3-6% fatal, up to 20% survivors have permanent hearing loss. • NC requires this for children in day care and those who start school before age 5 • 4 doses given

30. Immunizations • Tetanus • Causes serious muscle contractions, including respiratory muscles. • 1% of cases are fatal • Usually given in combination with other vaccines. • NC requires tetanus immunization for school entry. • Initial series of 5 vaccines, Booster given every 10 years and following a possible exposure to tetanus (injury)

31. Immunizations • Pertussis • Also called whooping cough. Causes coughing spells that last for weeks, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage and death. • Given in combination with tetanus, and diphtheria • Required for school entry (NC) • Initial series same as Tetanus. No booster required

32. Immunizations • Hepatitis A and B • Causes inflammation of the liver. Can damage liver to point of requiring liver transplant. • Hepatitis A is spread through contact with fecal material from an infected person, usually contaminated water or hands. • Do not regularly immunize against Hepatitis A in US. Vaccine available if traveling to high risk areas.

33. Immunizations • Hepatitis A and B • Hepatitis B is spread through blood and body fluids. • NC requires children born after July, 1995 to be immunized before entering school. • Many health care facilities request their employees be vaccinated. • Series of three vaccines.

34. Immunizations • Varicella Zoster (Chicken Pox) • Causes painful, itchy blisters on body. Also can lead to infection, pneumonia, brain damage and death. Also can lead to shingles in later life. • 100 die per year in US from Varicella • Currently vaccination is optional. • Recommended to be given between 12-18 mos. If given after age 13, two doses should be given.

35. Immunizations • Diphtheria • Respiratory illness causing a thick, covering to form over the back of the throat. Leads to breathing problems, paralysis and death. • Given in combination with Tetanus and pertussis in young children. • Required for school entry in NC.

36. Immunizations • Rubeola • Causes a skin rash, cough, runny nose and fever. Can lead to ear infection, pneumonia, seizures, brain damage and death • Given in combination with Rubella and mumps. • Series of 2 doses. • Required for school entry in NC

37. Immunizations • Polio • Causes paralysis. Can lead to death if respiratory muscles are paralyzed. • No polio cases in US for over 20 years, but still seen in other parts of world. • Series of 4 vaccines • Required for school entry in NC • Adults who are traveling to parts of world where polio is common should have a booster.

38. Immunizations • Polio • Two types of vaccine: • Oral (OPV) a weakened live virus.Gives better immunity • Has been known to cause a mild case of polio with paralysis. • Injectable (IPV) a dead virus. Not as effective. • No known cases of vaccine –associated paralysis

39. Immunizations • Rubella • Causes rash, fever and arthritis. Exposure during early pregnancy can result in miscarriage or severe birth defects. • Given in combination with rubeola and mumps. • Required for school entry in NC

40. Immunizations • Pneumonia (pneumococcal) • Causes infection in alveoli of lungs. Often a cause of death in older adults in young children • Optional vaccine encouraged for senior citizens and all people with chronic health problems.