Melahat ŞAHİN 26-28 November 2012 Sothwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute Antalya/TURKEY

1. Melahat ŞAHİN 26-28 November 2012 SothwestAnatoliaForestResearchInstitute Antalya/TURKEY E-mail:melahat_sahin@hotmail.com SAND DUNE FIXATION TECHNIQUES AND PRACTICES IN TURKEY

2. Content of thepresentation Introduction Sand dunes Types of sand dunes Sand dune fixationtechniques Mechanical techniques Biological techniques Practices in Turkey

3. Introduction FAO definesdesertificationas:"thesum of geological, climatic, biologicalandhumanfactorswhichleadtothedegradation of physical, chemicalandbiologicalpotential of lands in aridand semi-aridzones, andendangerbiodiversityandthesurvival of humancommunities.“

4. Sanddunes • Sand dune - a ridge of sand created by the wind; found in deserts or near lakes and oceans

5. Types of sanddunes 2. Inland Dunes usually exist in the form of ridges, small hills, and knolls found on ancestral lake beds and outwash plains. Costal Dunes originate from sand thrown up onto the shore by and is blown away by the wind.

6. The principle of the dune fixation techniques is based on reducing the threshold velocity of wind at the dune surface by establishing a pre-planting mechanical and biological systems Sand dune fixation is designed to prevent the movement of sand long enough to enable either natural or planted vegetation to become established Sanddunefixationstechniques

7. Usingnonlivingmaterialsuch as wheat, straw, branches of trees, bamboo, reeds, sorghumstalks, clay, cobblestone, petroleumchemicalsandsoonto set upbarriers on thesanddunesortocoverthesurface of thesanddunes is calleda mechanicalmeasureorengineeringmeasureforsanddunefixation. I. Mechanicalmeasuresforsanddunesstabilizatıon

8. Thetypes of mechanicalmeasuresandtheirfunctions

9. Whichareasaresuitableformechanicalmeasures? • the farmland • local communities • irrigation canals • reservoirs • transport lines • mining areas • Preservingthedunevegetation • Beforeplantingtrees, shrubsorgrowinggrass on somesanddunes,

10. Thelocalyfoundmaterialscommonlyusedforerectinglowfences (hedges/microwindbreaks) areclassified in totwogroups • Vegetativematerial: twingsfromtrees,, grasssheaves, reeds, brushes, palmleaves, etc. • Othersubstances: Clay, cobblestone, dampsoil, oildrums,emulsifiedasphalt, etc. 1. Surfacesandbarrıers

11. Rows of suchmaterialsinserted in tothegroundarecalledpalisadeormicrowindbreaks Spreadingvegetativematerials on thesurface of sandarecalledmulching 1.Vegetativematerial

12. 2.OthersubstancesCoveringduneswithemulsifiedasphald

13. Coveringduneswithearth&mud

14. Coveringduneswith Earth

15. Coveringduneswithdampsoil

16. Coveringduneswithgravel

17. CoveringduneswithCobblestone

18. High Standing Barriers • To reduce sand transporting capacity of sand diriving wind • The sand barriers is not to be buried by the dropped sand So the ventilating sand barrier can act on sand control for a long time and can stop a great deal of sand on the leeward side of the sand barrier.

19. High standingbarriers

20. To reduce sand transporting capacity of sand diriving wind The reform, the sand carried by the sand bearing wind will heap up around the sand barriers If the sand is very abundant , dropped sand heigt will be rapidly equal to the height of barrier so the service life of a barrier is very short The low windproof or dense structural barriers should be adopted before the planting of vegetation is started between sand barriers Lowstandingbarriers

22. CoveringwithClay

23. Installationof claybarrier • The clay barrier belongs to the low standing type of sand barrier with windproof structure.In many sandy areas, the clay barrier is set up first before the sandy plants. The effectiveneee of the clay sand barrier for sand- control near farmlands and irrigation canals is also very satisfactory. In the general the clay barrier is set up at lower part of the windward slope of sand dunes

24. Strawbarriers

25. Installation of strawbarriers • The best season for setting up straw sand barriers are the end of autumn and the earlier of winter. Because the sand is moist in these period, alot of labour can be saved. İf the barrier set up summer or spring, they will be easily destroyed by the wind.

26. As in general • The service life of a mechanical measure is about 3-5 years. • They should be maintained often after they are set up. • In many cases the effectiviness of sand dune kontrol by plant measures alone is not satisfactory. • Therefore, various sand holding plant species should be planted after the mechanical measures, especially straw checks, are set up. • In the ensuing years, especially the first 5 years, mechanical and biological measures methods can well be complementary in checking wind and controling sand

27. II. BIOLOGICAL MEASURES

28. Combinemechanicalandbiologicalmethods

29. Choosing indigenous tree or shrub species for which biological and silvicultural knowledgeis available Introducing exotic tree or shrub species only if their suitability for the area has been demonstrated by testing Selecting indigenous or introduced tree or shrub species in reference to the following requirements: -ease of obtaining planting stock, -ease of establishment, -İmmunity to insects and disease, -fast growth, -resistant to drought General criteriasforspeciesselectionforbiologicalmeasures

30. Understanding the seasonal rainfall patterns that are critical for tree or shrub species to survive and grow As a general rule, a tree or shrub species can be moved successfully from its home range to another areas of same latitude because of similarity in climate Considering the following necessities to ensure successful results; site preparation, when to plant, how to plant, the spacing and arrangement of the plantings, and care after planting General criteriasforspeciesselectionforbiologicalmeasures

31. Species for biological measures Tamarix austrmongolica） Tamarixramosissima） Sophora viciifolia） Caragana korskinskii）

32. Species for biological measures Elaeagnus angustifolia Bge.） Hedysarun scoparim Fisch Mey） Nitraria tangutorum） Amorpha fruticosa Linn）

33. III AFFORESTRATION

34. Agroforestry

35. Protecting agricultural land

36. Protectingruralareas

37. Protecting highways

38. Hillside stabilization

39. Controlling floods

40. SAND DUNE STABLIZATION PRACTICES IN TURKEY

41. Turkey has different ecosistem due to ıt’s climate, topography and soil characteristics

42. Annual Average Precipitation of Turkey: 632 mm (Sensoy, S. et al, 2008)

43. InTurkey, Approximately thereare21 611 ha.on Mediterranean coast, 7341 hectares on Black Sea coast andin total, 28 952 ha sandduneareas • Sanddunesareformedaroundthemouth of riversandancientlakes In Turkey;

44. Sand dune stabilization works were realised in totally 11.000 hectares area in Turkey.

45. CostalSandDuneAreas in Turkey

46. History of sanddunestabilizationpractices in Turkey • Sandduneswereverydestructivebybruyingthefertileagriculturallands, cottonfields, orangeorchardsandvegetablegardens, inhabitedareasandwaterresources.

47. sand dune stabilization practices (in Turkey) • The first studies on stabilization of coastal dunes (an afforestation on sand dunes) started in 1952-1953 by the Turkish Forest Service. • Large-scale reforestation was particularly used in the 1950s and 1980s. 1966 1965

48. Sand Dune stabilization project sites in Turkey Karasu Terkos Sinop Iğdır-aralık Manisa/ Beyoba Konya-karapınar

49. The Researches On Stablization Of Costal Sand Dunes in Turkey • Firststudies on stablization of costalsanddunes in Turkeywerestarted in1955 bySouthwestAnatoliaForestResearchInstituteandForestryFacultytodeterminemechanicalandbiologicaltecniques of sanddunestabilization on themediterraneanandblacksearegion

50. Mechanicalmeasures Woodenbarrier Strawbarrier Reedsstembarrier Woodenbarrier