Standard 2

1. Standard 2 The impacts of economic developments and westward expansion on each region and democracy

2. 2.1 11 slides • Impact of westward expansion on nationalism and democracy • Expanding the franchise • Native Americans • States’ rights • Land acquisitions

4. Westward Expansion • Westward expansion intensified both nationalism and sectionalism in the US • Nationalism- a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation • Sectionalism- the placing of the interests of one’s own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole • Every region supported expansion, but they differed on policies of the federal government

5. Westward Expansion Louisiana • Purchased from France for $15 million in 1803 • President Thomas Jefferson was concerned about France’s presence in America • Impacts • Individualism- promoted settlement of the frontier • Sectionalism- provided raw materials that were transported on the Mississippi River • Democracy- Jefferson expanded the power of the president by using the elastic clause in the Constitution

6. Westward Expansion Oregon • President Thomas Jefferson asked Louis and Clark, with the help of Sacajawea, to explore the territory • Americans demanded “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” • Originally shared by Britain and the US, but in 1846 the border was set at the 49th parallel • Used for agriculture and fur trade • Impacts • Individualism- 1,000s of settlers traveled west on the Oregon Trail • Sectionalism- the west’s economy was based on agriculture and industry • Democracy- strengthened the federal government’s role in securing national borders

7. Westward Expansion Texas • Americans moved to Mexican controlled Texas and eventually revolted to form their own republic • The US annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 • Impacts • Individualism- Texans likened themselves to the Patriots during the Revolution because they believed Mexico was impeding on their rights • Sectionalism- due to Texas’ reliance on agriculture slavery was an important part of the economy • Democracy- prompted debate in Congress over slavery and the impact another slave state would have on the balance of power in Washington

8. Westward Expansion Mexican Cession • Ceded by Mexico in 1848 after the Mexican War • The US and Mexico fought over the southern border of Texas and land claims in the west • Impact • Individualism- 1,000s of settlers moved to California in search of gold • Sectionalism- the west depended on agriculture, mining, and industry to support the economy • Democracy- established the US as a dominate force in North America

10. Political Impact • Expansion impacted nationalism by promoting the idea of the pioneer as the iconic American • The common man became the epitome of democracy • Expansion fueled the nationalist idea of Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny- 19th c. belief that the US would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican territory

11. Political Impact • Expansion provided additional government owned land available for purchase • These lands insure the spread of democracy as territories became new states • The right to vote was enjoyed by most US males due to the availability of cheep land for purchase • In the 1820s-30s, states dropped property qualifications and expanded the franchise to all white males, while disenfranchising African American property owners

12. Political Impact • President Andrew Jackson supported the Indian Removal Act, a formal policy to remove Natives to the west • Native Americans of the southeast responded by resistance (Seminoles in Florida) and assimilation (Cherokee in Georgia) but both failed • Assimilation- a minority group’s adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominate culture • Native Americans of the southeast were forced to move to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma on the Trail of Tears

13. Political Impact • Enslaved African American families were forced to split due to slave owners taking only part of their human property with them on the trek west • The rest of the slave family was left behind in the east

14. Political Impact • Increasing economic differences and the growing conflict over slavery caused a greater split between the North and South • Northern and western manufacturers supported a high tariff to protect industry • Southern planters opposed the tariff because they relied on trade with Europe • This conflict would lead to the Nullification Crisis of 1832 when South Carolina threatened to secede from the union over high tariffs

16. Political Impact • In the 1830s, South Carolina used the argument of state’s rights to declare the tariff null and void • A compromise and the threat of federal troops led South Carolina to rescind their nullification of the tariff • Nullification- a state’s refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional • South Carolina did not retract the right of a state to nullify an act of Congress

17. 2.2 5 slides • The effects of the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny on the United States’ relationship with foreign powers • Texan Revolution • Mexican War

19. Historical Background • South American nations had wars of liberation during the early 19thc. • Mercantilist relationships with Spain were broken and Britain established strong trade ties • Mercantilism- an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade • After the Napoleonic wars, the restored monarchs wanted to reestablish their colonial possessions • Britain feared colonization of Latin America would interfere with their trade interests and asked the US to help support their resistance

20. The Monroe Doctrine • President James Monroe warned European nations not to attempt to reestablish any colonial claims • The US military power was very limited in the early 19th c. so the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine depended on the British navy • It wasn’t until the late 19th and early 20th c. that the US military could enforce the Monroe Doctrine on its own

21. Manifest Destiny • The phrase Manifest Destiny wasn’t coined until the 1800s but the belief was present in Americans since the first settlers • The belief that Americans had a God-given right to all the land of the North American continent • Manifest Destiny was based on the belief that Americans were culturally superior to other inferior peoples

22. Texan Revolution • Many Americans moved into Texas at the invitation of the Mexican government • Provided more land for cotton and slavery • Texans were expected to obey the laws of Mexico • When the Mexican government outlawed slavery, the Texans revolted and won their independence • The Mexican government did not recognize Texan independence • The Republic of Texas was independent for almost 10 years because the US was trying to avoid a controversy over adding another slave state • Manifest Destiny became a rally cry causing the election of President James K. Polk and the annexation of Texas

23. Mexican War • President James K. Polk attempted to purchase additional land from Mexico but was denied • American troops were sent into a disputed area located between Texas and Mexico • Shots were fired and the Mexican War began • American troops infiltrated deep into Mexican territory • In the peace treaty, the US acquired land that included California, New Mexico, and Arizona • This was not American territory or unclaimed land • The Mexican War established a combative relationship between the US and Mexico that lasted into the 20th c.

24. 2.3 5 slides • Economic development in the South, the North, and the West during the early 19th c. • Influence of economic policy on political controversies

25. Sectionalism • Economic differences between the North, South, and the West resulted in the development of different social values and political interests • The North was characterized by harbors and fast flowing rivers • The South benefited from fertile land for cash crops • The West had an abundance of new resources, farm land, and mineral deposits • The West was a constantly shifting as the frontier moved closer to the Pacific Ocean

26. Economic Differences • The North invested in growing factories which attracted large numbers of German and Irish immigrants to the area • The South mainly invested in slavery and agriculture • The West was largely agricultural

28. Social Reform • Economic differences were heightened by social reform movements • Northern reformers called for public education in order to assimilate immigrants • Southerners outlawed teaching African Americans to read and did not provide education even for white children

29. Political Controversies • Economic differences contributed to political controversies • National Bank • South & West- opposed because Northeasterners would have too much economic power • Protective Tariff • North- supported to protect industries from foreign competition • West- accepted in exchange for infrastructure and cheap land • South- opposed due to trade with Europe • The south also opposed infrastructure improvements in the west, but supported cheap land grants due to the expansion of slavery and cotton • The completion of the Erie Canal and the Transcontinental Railroad strengthened economic and political ties between the Northeast and Northwest

30. Political Controversies • Henry Clay’s American System threatened the economic and political interests of the South and added to the animosity between the regions • American System- a political alliance that traded western support for the tariff for northern support of internal improvements and cheap land • Different economic interests contributed to political differences over the extension of slavery into the west • Economic interests also caused controversy over the admission of Missouri, Texas, California, and Kansas as new states • Economic differences would eventually lead to secession and war

31. 2.4 9 slides • Social and cultural characteristics of the North, the South, and the West during the antebellum period • Lives of African Americans • Social reform movements • Abolition • Women’s rights

32. North v. South • Social and cultural differences emerged first during the colonial period • Based on the cultures of the people who settled there • Economies that resulted from varying geography of the regions intensified the differences • Increased regional pride led to sectionalism • Settlement of the West worsened the tensions between the North and the South

33. Cultural Impacts in the North • Puritans in New England • Towns and cities grew around the church • Education programs were established to ensure church members could read the Bible • Education was expanded in the early 19th c. to assimilate the immigrants • Quakers in Pennsylvania • Large family farms relied on paid labor instead of slavery • Diverse populations in New York City • Immigrants were attracted to the jobs in growing industries • Most northern states had emancipated their slaves by 1840 • Northerners supported political issues that promoted their regional interests • High tariffs and a national bank

34. Cultural Impacts in the South • Colonial beginnings • Large plantations produced a privileged class that dominated the government, society, and culture • Elitist Society • The wealthy educated their children privately • Public education was not provided for poor whites and teaching slaves to read or write was outlawed • Economy • Fewer large towns or commercial cities because navigable rivers brought ships close to the fields • Few jobs in industry and lack of available land meant less immigration • African Americans • The large slave population and significant number of free blacks contributed to the culture and social structure of the South • Southerners supported political issues that promoted their regional interests • Low tariffs and spread of slavery

35. Cultural Impacts in the West • Increased number of settlers • Settlers in the old Northwest reflected the values of New England • Southern states influenced the culture of Kentucky, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas • Manifest Destiny • Strengthened the settlers since of strong individualism • Westerners supported political issues that promoted their regional interests • Cheap land and internal improvements

37. African Americans in the North • African Americans lived in all regions of the country • Most northern states had emancipated their slaves but some remained into the 1830s • Slavery was prohibited in the old Northwest Territory • Free blacks who lived in the North did not have the same rights as whites • African Americans were purposefully disenfranchised by law • De facto segregation was practiced throughout the North • De facto segregation- segregation based on tradition, not law

38. African Americans in the South • Most African Americans living in the South were slaves • The conditions of their lives depended on where they lived and their masters • Free blacks living in the South lived mostly in the cities and worked as artisans • Free blacks were not granted civil or political rights in the South

39. The Abolitionist Movement • The Great Awakening of the early 1800s contributed to the development of reform movements • The abolitionist movement first developed among Quakers • Abolitionists included African Americans (Nat Turner, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman) and whites (William Lloyd Garrison, the Grimke sisters, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and John Brown) • Different protests were used due to differing effectiveness and radicalness • Published newspapers • Organized anti-slavery conventions • Wrote books • Helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad • Secret routes fugitive slaves took to gain freedom in the north and Canada • Led rebellions

40. The Abolitionist Movement • Abolitionist tactics caused slave owners to justify their culture • Southerners argued that slavery was a ‘positive good’ because slaves were better off than industrial workers in the North • Most northerners were not abolitionists • Some abolitionists did not believe that freed slaves should have equal rights • The abolitionist movement split over using politics and the role of women in the movement • Abolition was not effective until the controversy over western expansion

41. Women’s Rights Movement • The women’s rights movement was active in the North and tied to the abolitionist movement • Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 • Met after being denied participation in an abolitionist convention • Called for women’s rights • Women were considered second class citizens • Limited access to education • No right to own or control property • No right to obtain a divorce • The women’s rights movement was not successful in the antebellum period