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Hepatitis viruses. 肝炎病毒( Hepatitis virus ). 以侵害肝脏为主引起病毒性肝炎的病毒 种类:甲型肝炎病毒( HAV )、乙型肝炎病毒( HBV )、丙型肝炎病毒( HCV )、丁型肝炎病毒( HDV )、戊型肝炎病毒( HEV )、 GBV-C/HGV 、 TTV 其他病毒如黄热病毒、 CMV 、 EBV 、风疹病毒等也可引起肝炎,但不列为肝炎病毒. Viral Hepatitis - Historical Perspectives. Enterically transmitted. “ Infectious”. A. E.
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肝炎病毒(Hepatitis virus) • 以侵害肝脏为主引起病毒性肝炎的病毒 • 种类:甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)、戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)、GBV-C/HGV、TTV • 其他病毒如黄热病毒、CMV、EBV、风疹病毒等也可引起肝炎,但不列为肝炎病毒
Viral Hepatitis - Historical Perspectives Enterically transmitted “Infectious” A E Viral hepatitis NANB Parenterally transmitted B D C “Serum” F, G, TTV ? other
Hepatitis A virus • 1973年Feinstone应用免疫电镜技术从急性肝炎患者粪便悬液中发现 • 生物学性状与肠道病毒一致,故1982年国际病毒命名委员会将它分类为小核糖核酸病毒科肠道病毒属72型
Geographic Distribution of HAV infection Anti-HAV Prevalence High Intermediate Low Very Low
生物学性状 • HAV为球形颗粒,直径27~32nm,无包膜。基因组为线状单正链RNA
由VP1~4四种多肽组成,VP1是主要衣壳蛋白和中和抗原,能中和所有HAV由VP1~4四种多肽组成,VP1是主要衣壳蛋白和中和抗原,能中和所有HAV • 细胞培养:HAV可用猴肾、人胚肾细胞等进行增殖和传代,但不引起CPE • 易感动物有黑猩猩、南美洲猴、猕猴等,接种后可出现急性肝炎 • 抵抗力:较强,对乙醚、酸、热(60oC)稳定。高压、紫外、煮沸等可灭活
致病性 • 传染源为患者和隐性感染者 • 传播方式是粪-口途径。HAV污染食物、水源、海产品等引起暴发或散发流行 • 隐性感染率高,成人HAV抗体阳性率高达70%—90% • 病毒进入机体经过两次病毒血症,到达肝脏,在肝细胞增殖致病
非溶细胞型病毒,不直接杀伤细胞,患者症状高峰是潜伏期末和症状出现初期,与病毒复制高峰时间不相符,说明病毒复制量与症状严重程度不一致,故认为免疫应答参与损伤过程非溶细胞型病毒,不直接杀伤细胞,患者症状高峰是潜伏期末和症状出现初期,与病毒复制高峰时间不相符,说明病毒复制量与症状严重程度不一致,故认为免疫应答参与损伤过程 • 发病后期粪便中可检出sIgA抗体。出现病毒的特异细胞免疫应答 • 典型的甲肝是自限过程,大约三个月,无慢性病例
Hepatitis A - Clinical Features • Incubation period: Average 30 days Range 15-50 days • Jaundice by <6 yrs, <10%age group: 6-14 yrs, 40%-50% >14 yrs, 70%-80% • Complications: Fulminant hepatitis Cholestatic hepatitis Relapsing hepatitis • Chronic sequelae: None
Hepatitis A Infection Typical Serological Course Symptoms ALT Total anti-HAV Titre IgM anti-HAV Fecal HAV 4 5 6 12 24 0 1 2 3 Months after exposure
Hepatitis A Virus Transmission • Close personal contact(e.g., household contact, sex contact, child day care centers) • Contaminated food, water(e.g., infected food handlers, raw shellfish) • Blood exposure (rare)(e.g., injecting drug use, transfusion)
Sources of HAV Infection 1983-93 40 30 Personal contact Percentage of Cases 20 Day care center 10 Foreign travel Drug use Outbreak 0 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983 1984 1986 Year Source: CDC, Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Program
Concentration of HAV in Various Body Fluids Feces Serum Saliva Urine 102 104 100 106 108 1010 Infectious Doses per ml Source: Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease 1984;9-22 J Infect Dis 1989;160:887-890
Age-specific Incidence of Hepatitis A 1983-93 25 20 15 5-14 years Reported Cases (per 100,000) 15-24 years 25-39 years 10 0-4 years 5 40+ years 0 1983 1984 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1986 Year Source: CDC, National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
Global Patterns of Hepatitis A Virus Transmission Disease Peak Age Endemicity Rate of Infection Transmission Patterns High Low to Early Person to person; High childhood outbreaks uncommon Moderate High Late Person to person; childhood/ food and waterborne young adults outbreaks Low Low Young adults Person to person; food and waterborne outbreaks Very low Very low Adults Travelers; outbreaks uncommon
诊断(Laboratory Diagnosis) • Acute infection is diagnosed by the detection of HAV-IgM in serum by EIA. • Past Infection i.e. immunity is determined by the detection of HAV-IgG by EIA.
防治原则 • 加强食品卫生管理,水源保护。但HAV感染以隐性感染和无黄疸型病毒例占多数,故对传染源较难控制 • 我国已批准将减毒疫苗株H2株和L1株投放市场试用 • 应急预防可用丙种球蛋白 • 基因工程疫苗也正在研究之中
Hepatitis A Vaccination Strategies Epidemiologic Considerations • Many cases occur in community-wide outbreaks • no risk factor identified for most cases • highest attack rates in 5-14 year olds • children serve as reservoir of infection • Persons at increased risk of infection • travelers • homosexual men • injecting drug users
Hepatitis A Prevention - Immune Globulin • Pre-exposure • travelers to intermediate and high HAV-endemic regions • Post-exposure (within 14 days) Routine • household and other intimate contacts Selected situations • institutions (e.g., day care centers) • common source exposure (e.g., food prepared by infected food handler)
Recommended Doses & Schedules of HAV Vaccination HAVRIXâ Doses No. Schedule Group Age Doses EL.U.* (ml) (months) Children and 3 360 (0.5) 0, 1, 6-12 adolescents 2-18 years Adults >18 years 2 1,440 (1.0) 0, 6-12 *ELISA units
Hapatitis B Virus • 1963年Blumberg在多次输血的血友病患者中发现澳抗,1968年确与血清型肝炎高度相关,1970年Dane在电镜下看到具有传染性的42nm病毒颗粒 • HBV在亚洲广泛流行,在中国约10%人口携带该病毒,全球约3.5亿
1983年将HBV及与其分子结构、生物学特性相似的土拨鼠肝炎病毒(woodchuck hepatitis virus,WHV)、地松鼠肝炎病毒(ground squirrel hepatitis virus,GSHV)及鸭肝炎病毒(duck hepatits virus,DHV)归纳起来独立命名为嗜肝病毒科(Hepadnaviridae)
Geographic Distribution of Chronic HBV Infection HBsAg Prevalence ³8% - High 2-7% - Intermediate <2% - Low
电镜检查血清标本可见小球形颗粒(22nm)、管形颗粒(22nmx50—700nm)、大球形颗粒(42nm)电镜检查血清标本可见小球形颗粒(22nm)、管形颗粒(22nmx50—700nm)、大球形颗粒(42nm)
完整的HBV颗粒亦称Dane颗粒,颗粒直径为42nm • 具有双层衣壳结构。外壳相当于包膜,由脂质双层和乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)、多聚人血清白蛋白受体(PHSA-r)和前S抗原(Pre-S)组成。内部有28nm的核心,表面相当于内衣壳,含有乙型肝炎核心抗原(HBcAg)和乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)。内部有HBV的DNA和DNA多聚酶
HBV 基因组 • DNA是由3.2KB的长链 L(-)和短链 S(+)(约为L链的50%至85%长)组成的不完全双链环状DNA,长链载有病毒蛋白质的全部密码,有4个开放读码框架(ORF),分别称为S、C、P和X区
HBV: Replication Nuclear 2.1 KB 2.4 KB HBV 3.5 KB Provirus Replicate RT
抗原组成 • HBV表面抗原(HBsAg),是机体受HBV感染的标志。226AA,由S基因编码。HBsAg有一个共同抗原决定簇a和二组互相排斥的亚型抗原决定簇d/y和w/r。因此, HBsAg可分为adr、adw、ayr和 ayw4种亚型。我国内地和沿海各省汉族主要为adr型,欧美为adw • HBsAg刺激机体产生的抗HBs,能与HBV表面结合,使其失去感染性,具有防御HBV感染的作用
HBV核心抗原(HBcAg),在肝细胞核中才能检出。分子量22KD,由C基因编码,是病毒的内衣壳蛋白。通常被HBsAg或与抗HBc抗体结合成免疫复合物,一般方法在血中检测不到,只能在肝细胞内检出。是致敏CTL作用的靶抗原HBV核心抗原(HBcAg),在肝细胞核中才能检出。分子量22KD,由C基因编码,是病毒的内衣壳蛋白。通常被HBsAg或与抗HBc抗体结合成免疫复合物,一般方法在血中检测不到,只能在肝细胞内检出。是致敏CTL作用的靶抗原 • 抗HBc无中和作用,检出高效价抗HBc,特别是抗HBc IgM表示HBV再肝内处于增殖状态
HBVe抗原(HBeAg),由PreC和C基因共同编码, 15KD,是HBcAg在细胞经蛋白酶降解形成。是HBV复制及血清有传染性的标志 • 抗HBe对HBV感染有一定保护作用
前S抗原(Pre-S Ag),目前认为,HBsAg由三种蛋白组成。病毒小球颗粒只有主要蛋白,而大球形颗粒和管形颗粒里则有300—400分子的主要蛋白和40—80分子的中等蛋白和大分子蛋白 • 主要蛋白:S基因编码,226AA • 中等蛋白:S + PreS2编码,226 + 55=281AA,称前S2蛋白或抗原 • 大分子蛋白:S + PreS2 + PreS1编码,226 + 55 + 119 = 400AA,称前S1蛋白或抗原
Pre-S2抗原和人肝细胞表面都具有PHSA受体,通过PHSAr搭桥,HBV病毒易吸附于肝细胞表面,这也可以部分解释为什么HBV具有嗜肝细胞性Pre-S2抗原和人肝细胞表面都具有PHSA受体,通过PHSAr搭桥,HBV病毒易吸附于肝细胞表面,这也可以部分解释为什么HBV具有嗜肝细胞性 • Pre-S抗原的出现与HBsAg、HBV DNA的检出意义相同,都说明病毒在复制 • 抗前S1和抗前S2抗体具有中和血循环内的HBV作用,故具有阻止HBV侵入肝细胞的免疫防御作用
易感动物和细胞培养:只有黑猩猩对HBV易感,体外细胞培养尚未成功易感动物和细胞培养:只有黑猩猩对HBV易感,体外细胞培养尚未成功
抵抗力:认为抵抗力相当强 • 对低温、干燥、UV、醚、氯仿、酚等均有抵抗性 • 高压蒸汽灭菌、0.5%过氧乙酸、5%次氯酸钠、3%漂白粉液、0.2%新洁尔灭均可灭活病毒,但处理时间要稍长
Hepatitis B - Clinical Features • Incubation period: Average 60-90 days Range 45-180 days • Clinical illness (jaundice): <5 yrs, <10%5 yrs, 30%-50% • Acute case-fatality rate: 0.5%-1% • Chronic infection: <5 yrs, 30%-90% 5 yrs, 2%-10% • Premature mortality fromchronic liver disease: 15%-25%
Spectrum of Chronic Hepatitis B • Chronic Persistent Hepatitis - asymptomatic • Chronic Active Hepatitis - symptomatic exacerbations of hepatitis • Cirrhosis of Liver • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Global Patterns of Chronic HBV Infection • High (>8%): 45% of global population • lifetime risk of infection >60% • early childhood infections common • Intermediate (2%-7%): 43% of global population • lifetime risk of infection 20%-60% • infections occur in all age groups • Low (<2%): 12% of global population • lifetime risk of infection <20% • most infections occur in adult risk groups
Concentration of Hepatitis B Virus in Various Body Fluids High Moderate Low/NT blood semen urine serum vaginal fluid feces wound exudates saliva sweat tears breastmilk
Modes of Transmission of HBV • Sexual • sexual and homosexuals are particular at risk. • Parenteral • Intravenous drug abuse (IVDA), Health Workers are at increased risk. • Perinatal • Mothers who are HBeAg positive are much more likely to transmit to their offspring than those who are not. Perinatal transmission is the main means of transmission in high prevalence populations.
传染源:急、慢性乙肝患者及无症状携带者 • 传播途径:非胃肠道途径 • 血液、血制品传播:输血、丙种球蛋白 • 医源性传播:注射(吸毒)、手术、采血、针刺、拨牙、内窥镜检查、纹身等 • 母婴传播:发生在围产期,通过产道或吞入羊水等因素。宫内感染相对少(<10%)。母亲HBeAg阳性婴儿感染机会大(90%),HBeAg阴性、抗HBe阳性婴儿感染机率小(10%—15%) • 接触传播:公共卫生洁具、剃刀、吸血昆虫
Risk factors for Acute Hepatitis B1992-1993 USA Heterosexual* (41%) Injecting Drug Use (15%) Homosexual Activity (9%) Household Contact (2%) Health Care Employment (1%) Unknown (31%) Other (1%) * Includes sexual contact with acute cases, carriers, and multiple partners. Source: CDC Sentinel Counties Study of Viral Hepatitis
Rate of Reported Hepatitis B by AgeGroup USA 1990 25 20 Rate (/100,000) 15 10 5 0 0-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 40+ Age Group (years) Source: CDC Viral Hepatitis Surveillance Program
Exposure Recovery 90% - 95% Immune Infection Asymptomatic Carrier Persistent Infection Chromic hepatitis Death 1% Fulminant hepatitis Chronic active hepatitis Cirrhosis Hepatocellular carcinoma