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Classification BY Mrs. R. JANSIRANI

Explore the history of taxonomy, from Aristotle's plant and animal groups to Linnaeus's binomial nomenclature and the current domain classification system. Learn about the evolution of classification hierarchy and the impact of evolutionary relationships on modern classification methods. Understand the significance of molecular clocks and DNA comparisons in determining evolutionary timelines. Discover how scientists have expanded classification systems to include kingdoms like Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, culminating in the recognition of domains like Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

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Classification BY Mrs. R. JANSIRANI

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  1. ClassificationBYMrs. R. JANSIRANI

  2. Why do we need to classify? • Classifying things into groups helps us to see relationships and understand the world around us. • Classification is one way that humans simplify life in a complex world • The science of classification is called taxonomy or systematics.

  3. History of Taxonomy • There are records of human attempts to classify organisms as far back as we can trace records. • Ancient Chinese organized into groups such as ‘fabulous ones’, or ‘ones that resemble flies from a distance’ • Aristotle was the first to classify according to structural similarities. He had two groups – Plants and Animals • Today we tend to use evolutionary relationships to classify organisms

  4. Early Taxonomic Systems • Aristotle (350 B.C.) • Developed the 1st widely accepted system of biological classification • Everything grouped as plant or animal Plants Animals Herbs Shrubs Tree Land Sea Air

  5. History, cont • There is no one perfect system of classification. The system we use today was developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist who was extraordinarily good at collecting, naming, and classifying organisms, especially plants. • Linnaeus published his classification system in a book called Systema Naturae

  6. Early taxonomic system • Carolus Linnaeus (1753)- use of a species name • Based on looking at physical and structural similarities • Revealed relationships of organisms • Binomial nomenclature • Gave each species 2 names (scientific name) • Genus and species • Genus is a group of similar species • Developed the modern system of taxonomy

  7. Latin was the language used (no longer used and is not being changed) • Genus name always capitalized • species name always lowercase • both names MUST be underlined or italicized • Ex: Canislupus (wolf) • Ex:Homo sapiens (human)

  8. Development of Kingdoms • Kingdoms are the largest divisions in taxonomy • Aristotle -4th century B.C.- Two kingdoms- Plants and Animals • Ernest Haeckel (1894) 3 kingdoms – Plants, Animals, and Protista • Herbert Copeland (1956) 4 kingdoms- • Plants, Animals, Protista, and Bacteria

  9. Robert Whittaker(1959) 5 kingdoms- Plants, Animals, Protista, Monera, and Fungi • Carl Woese (1977) 6 kingdoms- Plants, Animals, Eubacteria, Archebacteria, Protista, and Fungi. This was the first system that used evolution and molecular genetics • Woese also developed the Domain classification in 1990. This was a major overhaul of the classification system. The three domain system is based on molecular biology and groups all organisms into three domains • Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

  10. Linnaeus developed seven taxonomic categories. In order from the largest to the smallest they are: The more taxonomic categories a species has in common, the more closely related We currently use Eight categories with the addition of domains in the 1990’s. The Three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

  11. Classification Hierarchy of Organisms

  12. Classification of Modern Humans

  13. Evolutionary Classification • Darwin’s theory of evolution changed how scientists looked at classification. Traditional Linnean classification did not take into account evolutionary trends. • Today scientists use cladograms to show the evolutionary relationships among different organisms.

  14. Six Kingdom System

  15. KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGSIN THE LINNAEAN CLASSIFICION SYSTEM

  16. Modern Evolutionary Classification • Molecular clocks useDNA comparisonsto estimate the length oftimethat two species have beenevolving independently. • This relies on theratethat neutralmutationsaccumulate in the DNA of different species

  17. Kingdoms and Domains • Using new tools available today, scientists have expanded upon Linnaeus’s system of classification. • The 6 kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria,Archaebacteria,Protista,Fungi,Plantae, andAnimalia

  18. Today, most scientists are now recognizing molecular evidence that requires the addition of a category even larger than kingdom: the domain • Domains: • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya

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