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Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems Sept, 2003 Ellen Liu GE Global Research

Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems Sept, 2003 Ellen Liu GE Global Research. Wind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen Production. 1.2 B$ Freedom CAR ( C ooperative A utomotive R esearch) Initiative will create large demand for low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply.

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Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems Sept, 2003 Ellen Liu GE Global Research

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  1. Large Scale Wind Hydrogen Systems Sept, 2003 Ellen Liu GE Global Research

  2. Wind Power and Large Scale Hydrogen Production 1.2 B$ Freedom CAR (Cooperative Automotive Research) Initiative will create large demand for low cost/high volume Hydrogen fuel supply • Fossil fuel replacement will require industrial scale hydrogen production, storage and delivery systems • US Today: 84% of hydrogen produced via natural gas reforming w/o carbon sequestration GM Hy-Wire Fuel Cell Car • The Opportunity: Renewable routes to Hydrogen-required to reduce oil dependency and green house gas emissions and improve urban air quality • The Competition: Gasoline-inexpensive at $1.50/Gal: $14/MBTU or 5 ¢/kWh. • The Goal: US DOE Hydrogen cost target-$2/kg or 6 ¢/kWh. • The Candidate: Wind power is commercially viable - COE reduced to ~ 4 ¢/kWh Wind Power for Renewable Hydrogen Production Has Great Potential

  3. Grid Peak Shaving ICE/Fuel Cell H2 Gas Hydrogen Storage O2 Gas • Electrolyzer • Water purification • Regulators • - Gas dryer • Shutdown Switch • etc. + Local H2 Use Power Conditioner -Grid Interconnector -Max Power Tracker -AC/DC converter -Power Supply Switch -etc. Control Systems V - H2 Pipeline H2 Trucking Water Supply Wind-Hydrogen System Concept Wind-Hydrogen Forms a Green Energy Cycle and is Technically Feasible

  4. Tug Hill Plateau Long Island Opportunity Assessment: NY State Wind-H2 NY Wind Map New York Petroleum Usage (310 MM Barrels/year) • NY Wind Potentials: • 4GW onshore • 8GW offshore FEASIBLE: Replace 50% of NY Oil use with Hydrogen from renewable energy sources-Wind Power is Vital Potential Wind Farms

  5. H2 production: 108,000 kg/day @ $3.4/kg H2 Production - Pipeline Delivery (Tug Hill -Syracuse) 4500kg (150 MWh) $100/kWh h ~ 99% 500 MW $1000/kW h ~ 40% Hydrogen Buffer Storage 350 bar Plateau-Syracuse: 30 miles Hydrogen pipeline 10” Diameter, 25 bar $1MM /mile h ~99% (30 miles) 6 MW $1000/kW h ~80% 200 MW 200 MW $1000/kW h ~75% 4500 kg/hr, 25 bar 3 gal/kg H2 O2 Gas H2 production: 107,000 kg/day @ $3.5/kg Water Consumption 324,000 gal/day

  6. H2 production: 100,980 kg/day @ $4.15/kg H2 production: 118,000 kg/day @ $3.5/kg Offshore Wind - Onshore H2 Production (Long Island) 500 MW ~ $1200/kW h ~45% 4950kg (150 MWh) ~ $100/kWh h ~99% Hydrogen Buffer Storage 150 kV AC sub-sea cable ~ $1.2 MM/mile h ~ 98% 8 miles 6 MW h ~80% 220 MW ~ $1000/kW h ~75% ~ 98 trucks (180kg/truck) ~ 60,000/truck h ~85% (40miles) 4950kg/hr, 25 bar 350 bar GH2 220 MW 3 gal/kg H2 O2 Gas Water Consumption 356,400 gal/day NOTE: Assuming trucks are powered by H2

  7. Opportunity Assessment: ND Wind-H2 North Dakota: The “Saudi Arabia” of Wind • Enough wind potential to supply 1/3 of the electricity consumption of the lower 48 states. • No major load centers – need to transmit power to remote locations • Potential to become an clean fuel supplier to Minneapolis & Chicago: • Electricity (through power transmission lines) • Hydrogen (through pipelines) Wind Resources & Infrastructure Challenges

  8. North Dakota - Chicago 1000 miles H2 Production with Pipeline Delivery (ND-Chicago) 4500 kg (150 MWh) $100/kWh 500 MW $1000/kW util. 40% Hydrogen Buffer Storage 350 bar North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles Hydrogen pipeline 6 MW $1000/kW h ~80% 10” Diameter, 25 bar $1MM /mile h ~85% (1000 miles) 200 MW 200 MW $1000/kW h ~75% 4500 kg/hr, 25 bar 100 miles 3 gal/kg H2 1 MW 1 MW O2 Gas H2 production: 91,809 kg/day @ $8.9/kg Water Consumption 324,000 gal/day NOTE: Assuming pumps along pipeline are powered by H2

  9. North Dakota - Chicago 1000 miles HVDC Transmission (ND-Chicago) – H2 Production 3060 kg (102 MWh) $100/kWh 500 MW $1000/kW util. 40% Hydrogen Buffer Storage 350 bar 200 MW 5 MW 170 MW $1000/kW h ~75% North Dakota-Chicago: 1000 miles 3825 kg/hr, 25 bar • HVDC Electricity Transmission Cable • 2/3 Overhead: $0.8 MM/mile • 1/3 Underground cable: $1.2 MM/mile • ~85% (1000 miles) 3 gal/kg H2 H2 Production 91,810 kg/day @ $8.85/kg O2 Gas Water 275,427 gal/day

  10. Hydrogen Delivery Alternatives

  11. H2 at gate Wind-Hydrogen System Economics NOTE: no energy delivery considered System Sensibility Analysis COE, Electrolyzer Cost and Efficiency are the Major Cost Factors for Hydrogen

  12. Dedicated Hydrogen Production 100 H 2 Percent Production 0 Hydrogen Off-Peak, Electricity On-Peak 100 H Electricity 2 Percent Production Production 0 Hydrogen Off-Peak, Hydrogen+Electricity On-Peak 100 75 H Electricity 2 Percent Production Production 0 24:00 0:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 Time of Day Viable Wind-Hydrogen System Options • Stand-alone Wind-Hydrogen System • H2 refueling station at remote, isolated area: island, rural area, Alaska, etc. • Wind-electrolysis-fuel cell/H2 ICE (m-turbine) system, wind-reversible electrolysis • Wind hybrid system with H2 production • Grid-connected Wind-Hydrogen System • Dedicated hydrogen production • Off-peak hydrogen production • H2 production only during off-peak electrical demand hours when low-cost electricity is available • Full off-peak • H2 production 24h/day, but lower during on-peak electricity demand times

  13. Stuart Electrolyzer Electrolyzer Technologies Current Technology: • State of the Art Alkaline Electrolyzer, Efficiency: 60-70% (LHV) • Operating temperature: up to 80oC • Operating pressure: 1 atm – 25 atm • Cost: ~$1000/kW - $2500/kW Future Technology: increase capacity, efficiency and reduce cost • System efficiency should reach 70-80% (LHV) by advanced electrolyzer technology • Industrial size electrolyzer (MW level) • Cost should be reduced to $300/kW - $500/kW (COH at $2/kg) • Integration with renewables (wind, PV, geothermal, etc.) New Technology Development Required for Megawatt Scale Electrolyzer

  14. Industrial Scale H2 Stationary Storage Challenge Current Technologies • Compression Processes • High energy consumption: losses 15-30% • High capital cost for large quantity storage: $1000-2000/kW • Pressure to 200 - 350 bar • Liquefaction Processes • High energy consumption: losses 40-50% • High capital cost: $1500-2500/kW • Compressed Storage • Large space required for large quantity storage: limited by pressure (5000 psi now) • Liquid Storage • Boil-off: 0.1-0.3%/day Advanced Storage Technologies: • Low pressure “solid state” : Metal Hydrides, Chemical Hydrides • Large capacity : underground tankage • Low cost: storage material systems design, compression & liquefaction processes Currently: Intense Focus on On-Board Vehicle Storage Future: Effort Required for Industrial Scale Storage

  15. Praxair's Gulf Coast Hydrogen Pipeline System Hydrogen Delivery: Pipelines Current Status: • Future Needs: • Reduce pipeline cost: increase system life, solve embrittlement • Explore the options: modify NG or oil pipelines to carry H2 • High pressure H2: new pipe materials & systems • H2 pipeline safety management Hydrogen Pipeline Practical but Expensive

  16. Wind Power-H2 Generation Summary • Technical Feasibility: Hydrogen production and distribution are feasible • Commercial Viability: Current technologies are immature or high cost • System Optimization Required: Integrating electricity-Hydrogen energy carriers into the current and future energy infrastructure • New Technology Opportunities: • MW scale, high efficiency and low cost electrolyzers with variable power capability • Electrolyzer integration and optimization with wind turbine generator • Large-scale, high density/pressure, low cost hydrogen storage • Energy efficient and cost effective compression and liquefaction processes • Reliable, Low Cost hydrogen energy delivery • High pressure, low cost hydrogen pipelines (pipe materials of construction, infrastructure, etc.) • Electricity transmission with distributed H2 production • Fuel Flexible IC & GT engines capable of utilizing hydrogen and other fuels Wind - Hydrogen is a viable “green energy” solution. Hydrogen infrastructure and new technologies are required.

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