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CH 9 CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

CH 9 CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE. BYZANTIUM AND ORTHODOX EUROPE. “TWO ROMES” EAST AND WEST. THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ALLOWS ROMAN IDEAS TO STAY ALIVE IT BECOME MORE GREEK THAN LATIN OVER TIME. BYZANTIUM WAS MORE THAN ‘PART’ OF ROME IT LATER SURPASSED ROME IN THE 4 TH CENTURY

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CH 9 CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE

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  1. CH 9 CIVILIZATION IN EASTERN EUROPE BYZANTIUM AND ORTHODOX EUROPE

  2. “TWO ROMES” EAST AND WEST • THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ALLOWS ROMAN IDEAS TO STAY ALIVE • IT BECOME MORE GREEK THAN LATIN OVER TIME

  3. BYZANTIUM WAS MORE THAN ‘PART’ OF ROME • IT LATER SURPASSED ROME IN THE 4TH CENTURY • IT’S UNIQUE CULTURAL IDENTITY SPREAD • GREATLY INFLUENCED RUSSIA

  4. PROBLEMS,… INVASIONS • BECAUSE OF IT’S SEPARATION, THEY SURVIVED THE NOMADIC INVASIONS THAT TORE WESTERN ROME APART • EASTERN EMPERORS RULED FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN TO NORTH AFRICA

  5. DEVELOPED A HIGHLY CENTRALIZED GOVERNMENT THAT EMPHASIZED BEAUROCRACY OVER MILITARY POWER • THE CULTURE SHIFTED TO GREEK- AWAY FROM ROMAN IDEAS

  6. JUSTINIAN AND THEODORA

  7. EMPEROR JUSTINIAN • MARRIED TO THEODORA, HIS PARTNER IN RULING • TRIED TO REVIVE A UNIFIED ROMAN EMPIRE • REBUILT CONSTANTINOPLE • ALSO BUILT HAGIA SOPHIA

  8. LAW- RESPONSIBLE FOR JUSTINIAN CODE- COLLECTION OF LEGAL PRINCIPLES FOR THE EMPIRE • RECONQUERED LOST TERRITORIES IN ITALY AND NORTH AFRICA

  9. HIS VICTORIES WERE SHORT LIVED- SOON FELL APART • IN 540 A PANDEMIC STRUCK- THE PLAGUE • THIS DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR FOR CENTURIES, DEVASTATING EUROPE

  10. AFTER THE PLAGUE • JUSTINIAN AND HIS WIFE SURVIVED, HE WITHDREW TO HIS PALACE • THE DISEASE WOULD REAPPEAR IN THE 14TH CENTURY IN EUROPE

  11. IT WAS RECORDED THAT FOR A WHILE UP TO 10,000 A DAY DIED • THERE WERE SO MANY BODIES NO ONE COULD BURY THE DEAD • TOTAL DEATH TOLL? • ~100 MILLION *PANATI PAGES 222-226

  12. AFTER JUSTINIAN • MOSTLY TRIED TO HOLD ONTO THE EASTERN PARTS • ISLAM WAS PRESSURING THEM AT EVERY TURN • CONSTANTINOPLE WAS ATTACKED OVER AND OVER

  13. CONSTANIOPLE UNDER SEIGE • FOR MANY YEARS MUSLIM ARMIES TRIED TO TAKE THE CITY • STRONG DEFENSES ALLOWED THE TO HOLD OUT • THEY ALSO USED TECHNOLOGY- ‘GREEK FIRE’ • FROM 700’S TILL 1453 THEY HELD OFF INVADERS

  14. CONSTANT WAR LED TO HIGHER TAXES, WEAKENING SMALL FARMERS • OTHERS ALSO FOUGHT BYZANTINE CONTROL- BULGARS BROKE AWAY • THEY TOOK THE TITLE “TSAR”- CEASAR…CZAR…TSAR… • BY 1014 THEY WERE DEFEATED

  15. BYZANTINE POLITICS AND SOCIETY • VERY ORGANIZED GOVERNMENT- SIMILAR TO CHINA • EMPEROR WAS THE HEAD OF STATE AND OF THE CHURCH • AS IN CHINA- LARGE BUREAUCRACY

  16. ARISTOCRATS HAD MOST OF THE POWER, BUT THERE WAS ROOM TO ADVANCE IN SOCIETY • GOVENORS WERE APPPOINTED FROM CONSTANIOPLE • LOTS OF GOVT SPIES • MILITARY SERVICE WAS HEREDITARY- FAIRLY SUCESSFUL

  17. CONSTANTINOPLE • THE CAPITAL WAS THE CENTER OF EVERYTHING, THIS MADE OTHER CITIES IN THE EMPIRE WEAK • CONSTANTINOPLE REGULATED ALL TRADE, IF IT FALLS SO DOES TRADE

  18. A TRADE HUB • CONSTANTINOPLE LINKED ASIA, THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTHERN EUROPE IN A TRADING NETWORK • LUXURY GOODS SOUGHT MERCHANTS GREW WEALTHY, BUT HAD LITTLE POWER

  19. THE GREAT SPLIT- EAST/WEST

  20. CHRISTANITY SPLITS • BEFORE THIS THERE HAD BEEN ONLY ONE DOMINANT CHRISTIAN CHURCH • AS THE EMPIRE GREW APART SO DID CHRISTIANITY

  21. TWO GROUPS- CATHOLICS AND THE ORTHODOX CHURCH • SEVERAL ISSUES DIVIDED THEM: • THE SUPREMACY OF THE POPE IN ROME • DIFFERING RITUALS USED IN WORSHIP SERVICES • THE USE OF RELIGIOUS ICONS

  22. CHARLEMAGNE BEING CROWNED “ROMAN EMPEROR” • WHETHER PRIESTS COULD MARRY THEY COULD NOT IN THE WEST, COULD IN THE EAST • FINALLY THE POPE EXCOMMUNICATED THE EASTERN CHURCH- • HE WAS IGNORED IN THE EAST

  23. SOME SAY IT WAS THE REAL END OF THE “ROMAN” EMPIRE • AFTER THIS EACH AREA THEY WOULD MOVE FATHER AND FARTHER APART IN IDEAS AND VALUES • BOTH STILL RECOGNIZED THE OTHER AS FELLOW CHRISTIANS

  24. THE DECLINE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE • AFTER THE SPLIT THE EMPIRE WENT INTO A LONG SLIDE • MORE INVASIONS - THE SELJUK TURKS • THIS LED TO THE CALL FOR HELP THAT BECAME THE CRUSADES

  25. EVEN AFTER THE SPLIT, ROME STILL RECOGNIZD CONSTANTINOPLE AS A CHRISTIAN CITY • THE DEFEAT AT MANZIKERT SPELLED DOOM FOR THE EMPIRE • THE NEED FOR HELP SHIFTED POWER BACK TO THE WEST

  26. THE CRUSADES • THERE WERE MANY, MANY CRUSADES • FIRST WAS THE MOST SUCESSFUL • THE GOAL WAS TO LIBERATE THE HOLY LAND

  27. THE FIRST CRUSADE WAS THE MOST SUCESSFUL • CRUSADERS ARE SUPPOSED TO DEFEND CHRISTIANITY, RETAKE THE HOLY LAND • 4TH CRUSADE STOPS IN CONSTANINOPLE- WRECKS THE CITY, NEVER GETS ANY FARTHER

  28. BYZANTINE EMPIRE BY 1400

  29. THE FINAL FALL • 1453 MEHMED II CAPTURES CONSTANTINOPLE • BY 1461 THE EMPIRE IS UNDER MUSLIM CONTROL FOR GOOD

  30. MEHMED II

  31. CONSTANTINE XI THE LAST EMPEROR

  32. THE FALL OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE ENDED CHRISTAIN DOMINANCE IN THE AREA • THEY HAD MAINTAINED TRADE NETWORKS, AND CLASSICAL MEDITERRANEAN LEARNING • NOW THE OTTOMANS WOULD BE SUPREME IN THE AREA

  33. NOT THESE OTTOMANS…

  34. THESE OTTOMANS

  35. THE SPREAD OF CIVILIZATION TO EASTERN EUROPE • MISSIONARIES BROUGHT THE NEW CHRISTAN FAITH • TRADE BROUGHT IDEAS ABOUT SOCIETY AND GOVERNMENT, INVENTIONS ETC…

  36. THE CYRILLIC ALPHABET • NAMED AFTER TWO MONKS, CYRIL AND METHODUS • DONE SO THAT THEY COULD HELP PEOPLE READ THE BIBLE IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGE

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