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Understanding Reproduction and Heredity in Evolution

Explore various methods of reproduction, including asexual and sexual processes, from unicellular organisms to complex multicellular organisms. Learn about genetic continuity and variability in species.

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Understanding Reproduction and Heredity in Evolution

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  1. REPRODUCTION AND HEREDITY Výukový materiál GE 02 - 43 Tvůrce: Mgr. Šárka Vopěnková Tvůrce anglické verze: ThMgr. Ing. Jiří Foller Projekt: S anglickým jazykem do dalších předmětů Registrační číslo: CZ.1.07/1.1.36/03.0005 Tento projekt je spolufinancován ESF a SR ČR 2014

  2. during the evolution of species – various ways of reproduction • 2 general types: • asexual and sexual • asexual: • evolutionary older, more primitive • sexual: • more perfect • typical for complex multicellular organisms REPRODUCTION

  3. by unicellular organisms • by plants (non-vascular plants) • also lower animals • A new individual develops: • => from a separated part of parents´ organism • => from body cells ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  4. genetic point of view: • organism is a direct continuance of its parent • completely identical with the parent • a set of identical individuals = a clone • it is advantageous for species adapted to non changeable environment ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  5. the most common ways of asexual reproduction: • cell division and germination > yeast • reproduction by spores > fungi • vegetative organs > plants (sprouts, rootstocks, tubers, bulbs…) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  6. asexual reproduction relates to the regeneration – substitution of lost tissue • the base of chipping in agriculture and plant breeding • a complete parallel to chipping is physiparia by animals (cnidarians, earthworms) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  7. Special sexual organs • Sexual cells = gametes • By the Fusion of two gametes develops a zygote • zygote divides mitotically and grows • the embryo develops • The embryo (new individual) grows SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  8. gametes develop from body cells into sexual cells • male and female individuals differ in shape and function sexual signs • male gametes of higher plants: generative nucleus • nucleus of pollen tubes • female gametes of higher plants: egg cells SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  9. male gametes of animals: sperms • female gametes of animals: eggs SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  10. developing individual is provided by a complex of genes • the individual is not equal with any of his/her parents • genes are a combination of 50 % genes from father and 50 % genes from mother • it ensures the variability of individuals in the species • significantly more advantageous than sexual reproduction SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

  11. LEARN TO DESCRIBE THE PICTURES

  12. DESCRIBE THE PICTURES

  13. ŠMARDA, Jan. Genetika: pro gymnázia. 1. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, 2003, 143 s. ISBN 80-716-8851-7. • CHALUPOVÁ-KARLOVSKÁ, Vlastimila. Obecná biologie: středoškolská učebnice : evoluce, biologie buňky, genetika : s 558 řešenými testovými otázkami. 2., opr. vyd. Olomouc: Nakladatelství Olomouc, 2010, 206 s. ISBN 978-807-1822-820 SOURCES

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