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Topic 6 – Urban Transportation

Topic 6 – Urban Transportation. Transportation and Urban Form Urban Land Use and Transportation Urban Mobility Urban Transport Problems . C – Urban Mobility. 1. Urban Movements 2. Urban Transit. Types of Urban Movements. Suitability of Travel Modes. Main Purposes of Urban Trips .

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Topic 6 – Urban Transportation

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  1. Topic 6 – Urban Transportation Transportation and Urban Form Urban Land Use and Transportation Urban Mobility Urban Transport Problems

  2. C – Urban Mobility 1. Urban Movements 2. Urban Transit

  3. Types of Urban Movements

  4. Suitability of Travel Modes

  5. Main Purposes of Urban Trips

  6. Typical Urban Day Trips by Modes, Origins and Destinations 10:45 PM Return 1:30 AM Delivery 10:30 PM Delivery Shopping mall 2:30 AM Return Restaurant 8:30 PM Drive alone 1:30 PM Walk 7:00 PM Drive alone 5:30 PM Drive alone Home Work 12:30 PM Walk 7:00 AM Garbage pickup 8:15 AM Drive alone 8:00 AM Carpool 10:00AM Parcel Drop off Passengers 10:05AM Parcel Pickup School (drop off child) Freight

  7. Urban Travel by Purpose and by Time of the Day in a North American Metropolis

  8. Home-to-Work Trips Modes, United States, 1985-2005

  9. Modal Split for Global Cities, 1995

  10. Mode Share for Commuting, New York, 1980-2000

  11. 2. Urban Transit • Context • Dominantly an urban transportation mode. • The great majority of transit trips are taking place in large cities. • Conditions fundamental to the efficiency of transit systems: • High density and high mobility demands over short distances. • Shared public service: • Benefits from economies of agglomeration related to high densities. • Economies of scale related to high mobility demands. • Transit systems • Many types of services established to answer mobility needs. • Variety of transit systems around the world.

  12. Private Vehicle and Public Transport Market Share, 1990/91 American Cities European Cities Asian Cities

  13. Public Transport Market Share in the United States, 1900-2005

  14. 2. Urban Transit Systems

  15. Components of an Urban Transit System X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Metro station Transit rail station Bus stop Paratransit Shuttle stop Taxi service boundary X Express stop Transfer

  16. Estimated Ridership of the World’s Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998

  17. Trips by Public Transport in the United States, 1970-2005

  18. D – Urban Transport Problems 1. Geographical Challenges Facing Urban Transportation 2. Automobile Dependency 3. Congestion

  19. 1. Geographical Challenges Facing Urban Transportation • Context • Most important transport problems often related to urban areas. • Urban productivity: • Dependent on the efficiency of its transport system. • Move labor, consumers and freight between several origins and destinations. • Growing complexity of cities: • Accompanied by a wide array of urban transportation problems. • Some problems are ancient like congestion (Rome). • Others are new like environmental impacts: • Notably CO2 emissions linked with the diffusion of the internal combustion engine.

  20. 1. Geographical Challenges Facing Urban Transportation

  21. 2. Automobile Dependency • Causes • Advantages of automobile use: • Performance, comfort, status, speed, and convenience. • Illustrates why car ownership continues to grow worldwide. • Factors of growth: • Sustained economic growth (increase in revenue and quality of life). • Complex individual urban movement patterns. • Peripheral urban growth. • Factors of dependency • Under pricing and consumer choices: • Most road infrastructures are subsidized (considered a public service). • Drivers do not bear the full cost of car usage. • Car ownership is a symbol of status • Single home ownership.

  22. 2. Automobile Dependency • Planning and investment practices: • Aims towards improving road and parking facilities in an ongoing attempt to avoid congestion. • Transportation alternatives tend to be disregarded. • In many cases, zoning regulations impose minimum standards of road and parking services and de facto impose a regulated car dependency.

  23. 3. Congestion • Congestion • Occurs when transport demand exceeds transport supply: • At a specific point in time. • In a specific section of the transport system. • Each vehicle impairs the mobility of others. • Types: • Recurring congestion (specific times of the day and on specific segments of the transport system). • Random events (accidents and weather conditions).

  24. Recurring Congestion Congestion Unused Capacity

  25. Major Sources of Recurring and Non-Recurring Congestion

  26. Roadway Congestion Index, Selected Cities, United States, 1982-2007

  27. Average Hourly Traffic on George Washington Bridge, 2002

  28. The Vicious Circle of Congestion Congestion Public pressures to increase capacity The number of movements increases New capacity The average length of movements increases Movements are easier Urban sprawl is favored

  29. 3. Congestion: Some Mitigation Measures

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