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Nutrient Management – Now and in the Future

Nutrient Management – Now and in the Future. Richard Ferguson Tim Shaver University of Nebraska. Origins of Soil Spatial V ariability. Natural: Soil = f (c, o, r, p, t) H. Jenny (1941) c: climate o: organisms (plants, microbes, insects, animals) r: relief (topography)

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Nutrient Management – Now and in the Future

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  1. Nutrient Management – Now and in the Future Richard Ferguson Tim Shaver University of Nebraska

  2. Origins of Soil Spatial Variability • Natural: Soil = f (c, o, r, p, t) H. Jenny (1941) • c: climate • o: organisms (plants, microbes, insects, animals) • r: relief (topography) • p: parent material • t: time • Management induced (humans): • Land use (cropping systems, field boundaries) • Old roads, farmsteads, etc. • Earth movement (land leveling, terraces) • Tillage & traffic • Planting patterns (e.g., in row crops) • Fertilizer application, other amendments (lime, manure) • Irrigation & salinity • Crop nutrient removal (yield and crop residue management)

  3. Goal: To manage spatial and temporal availability of inputs, including fertilizer, for optimal crop production and efficiency of resources. This requires an understanding of the variability of soil resources, and the ability to apply fertilizer at the right time and rate.

  4. Measurement of Spatial Variability in Fields • Experience • County soil survey maps • Photographs & multispectral imagery • Aerial • Satellite • Yield maps • Topography/digital elevation models (DEM) • Apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) • Grid or directed soil samples • Soil sensors • Electrochemical • Electrical & electromagnetic • Mechanical • Optical • Crop canopy sensors • Optical • Acoustic • Thermal

  5. Yield Mapping Combine

  6. Grain Yield Monitor Components GPS Antenna Grain Flow Sensor Yield Monitor Display with a GPS Receiver Header Position Sensor Moisture Sensor Clean Grain Elevator Speed Sensor Travel Speed Sensor

  7. Veris 3100 Soil ECa Measurement

  8. Veris MSP: Soil pH and ECa

  9. Canopy temperature sensor Crop Canopy Sensors Crop Circle ACS-210 2 band Crop Circle ACS-470 3 band Ultrasonic height sensors CropScan 2 band (laser)

  10. Crop Circle • Holland Scientific, Lincoln, NE. • Distribution agreement with Ag Leader (OptRx system) • 2 foot sensing footprint

  11. Field Variability Natural color aerial photo Soil series Directed soil sample – Bray-1 P Grain yield Soil apparent electrical conductivity False color infrared image Active sensor canopy reflectance

  12. Apparent soil deep electrical conductivity overlaid on elevation Grain yield overlaid on elevation

  13. Current and Emerging Agricultural Technologies

  14. Autosteer

  15. Swath Control • Investments for planter clutches and boom section plumbing for sprayers will vary widely, with costs increasing for more precise control. • Savings and gains in efficiency will increase as field shapes becomes more irregular.

  16. Swath Control Standard planter or sprayer approach Planter or sprayer with swath control on every row or nozzle

  17. Swath Control – Economic Impact A University of Kentucky study found substantial input cost savings from swath control adoption on irregularly shaped fields. At medium fertilizer rates, moving from lightbar direction to lightbar direction with swath control resulted in savings of $25 to $33.48/acre. Presented at the 9th International Conference on Precision Agriculture, Denver, CO, July 2008. Field shapes used in University of Kentucky study.

  18. Implement Steering Options

  19. High Clearance SprayersIn-season pesticide and fertilizer application

  20. Linear Move and Center Pivot Irrigation SystemsGPS Guidance and Variable Rate Irrigation

  21. Variable Rate Irrigation

  22. Optical Mapping of Soil Organic Matter

  23. South Central Agricultural LaboratoryNovember 2010 Soil Organic Matter (%)

  24. Soil Sensor Research On-the-go measurement of mechanical resistance, soil moisture, and soil reflectance in visible and near-infrared bands.

  25. Hyperspectral Mapping of Soil Profile Reflectance in 384 wavebands (4 shown)

  26. John Deere Water Management

  27. Profile Water Content Automated Monitoring and Telemetry Systems Water Content 20” 12” 36” 4” 8” Date Total Profile Water Full Profile Allowable Depletion

  28. Wireless Soil Water Monitoring Network

  29. Remote Control of Irrigation Systems Pictures Courtesy of Valmont Industries

  30. Remote-Sensing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)To monitor crop stress and onset of insect or disease infestation Gyroscope Three-axis attitude sensor GPS antenna Radio modem and antenna Video transmitter and antenna Air tanks and pistons for retractable landing gear

  31. UAVs for Aerial Imagery Crop Cam OktoCopter

  32. OktoCopter FlightAustria - 2010

  33. Robotics in Agriculture

  34. Questions?

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