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Development of Limnology

Print slides as a handout (not as slides) in “pure back and white” or “gray scale” and you should get a white background with dark letters/lines. This will save ink. Development of Limnology. Early Days : focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes

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Development of Limnology

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  1. Print slides as a handout (not as slides) in “pure back and white” or “gray scale” and you should get a white background with dark letters/lines. This will save ink.

  2. Development of Limnology Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes Between WWI and WWII Post WWII

  3. First textbook on limnology in 1901 by A. Forel, 30 yr of research on Lac Léman Lakes as integrated units

  4. Stephan Forbes --1872, was named director of the new State Laboratory of Natural History in 1877 --Illinois Natural History Survey --Lake as a Microcosm **Discussion and exercise to follow

  5. In 1865 the head of the Vatican Navy, Commander A. Cialdi, found reference to use of a “dish” to measure transparency Engaged professor P.A. Secchi to conduct observations aboard the Papal Steam Sloop L’ Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception). Secchi spent< month at sea and found that depth of visibility depended, among many other variables, on the size of the disk (bigger is better) and its color. Red portion of the light spectrum is rapidly absorbed in water; while greens and blues persist much deeper, so something contrasting with these hues remains visible. Secchi’s unusual name will forever be associated with this durable oceanographic tool. http://www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=860

  6. AE Birge (1851-1950); U. Wisconsin --Importance of small algae --University Dean & administrator --Did much limnological work after retirement, collecting at Trout Lake at 85yrs --Worked with Juday on Lake Mendota Robert Pennak, who completed his graduate work at Wisconsin and now is emeritus professor at the University of Colorado, relates a story of how Birge admonished him, after a Model A car they were using had been turned on its side by slippery road conditions, " … dammit Pennak, put it back on its wheels, the survey must go on!" (Beckel, 1987).

  7. C. Wesenberg-Lund: Founding scientist of Biological Station Lunz (Austria) Institute for Limnology. Founded 1904 and recently closed http://www.bsl.oeaw.ac.at/english/e_institute.htm

  8. Sven Ekman and dredge ~1911

  9. Development of Limnology Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes Between WWI and WWII: Quantification of material and energy flux and rates of production Europe - lake classification North America – classification & system aggregates Japan Post WWII

  10. August Friedrich Thienemann (1882 - 1960) trained at Innsbruck, Heidelberg, and Greifswald 1917 appointed director of the Hydrobiological Anstalt at Plön, directed the Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie in Plön for 40 years. Nutrient cycling and foodweb structure Using chironomids as indicators to characterize systems

  11. Einar Christian Leonard Naumann (1891 - 1934) Trained at University of Lund, Sweden Coined use of terms: Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic

  12. Edward Birge and Chancey Juday Founders of academic limnology Multidisciplinary collaborations Instrument development Studied range of lake types & sizes Autotrophic vs. Allotrophic lakes Recognized gradients of many factors Quantatiave but lacked hypothesis testing or tests of statistical significance Founders of Wisconsin ‘dynasty’ in NA limnology

  13. R. A. Fisher --1890: Born in London. . --1919: Started work as a statistician at Rothamsted Experimental Station. 1933: Chair of Eugenics at University College, London. . 1962: Died Adelaide, South Australia. http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~lloyd/tildeImages/People/Fisher.RA/

  14. G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991), an English born, South African raised American Zoologist (Yale U.) Opposite approach to Birge and Juday, mathematical modeling

  15. Phylogeny and Biogeography of Hutchinsonia: G. E. Hutchinson's Influence Through His Doctoral Students • Alan J. Kohn • Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 16, No. 2, G. Evelyn Hutchinson Celebratory Issue. (Mar., 1971), pp. 173-176.

  16. Culver Bridgeman Kling

  17. Raymond L. Lindeman (1915 – 1942) --published just six articles, described shortly after his death by G. E. Hutchinson as "one of the most creative and generous minds yet to devote itself to ecological science," last paper, "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology,"—published posthumously foundational papers in ecology, general analysis of ecological succession in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem

  18. Contrast: • European and Wisconsin approaches of classifying lakes and searching for pattern among systems • Hutchinson-Lindeman approach of attempting to explain function through appreciation of aggregated components (trophic levels) What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach? Is one or the other a “better” way to do science?

  19. Development of Limnology Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes Between WWI and WWII: Quantification of material and energy flux and rates of production Europe - lake classification North America – classification & system aggregates Japan Post WWII: Ecosystem perspective

  20. H. T. Odum (1924 – 2002), Founded The Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida, 1973 A founder of ecosystem science

  21. David Schindler Founder and original director of Experimental Lakes Area ELA Research 1968 and 1975- Eutrophication (pollution by excess nutrients), whole ecosystem studies. 1976 and 1992- lake acidification and the impacts of acid rain, From 1993 through 2003, impacts of reservoir creation and associated flooding

  22. Many researchers looking at larger spatial and temporal scales Whole lake manipulations Long time series

  23. U. Wisconsin J. Magnuson A. Hasler (1976) J. Kitchell S. Carpenter

  24. Trout Lake area LTER Mendota data support occurrence of global warming

  25. … and now for something completely different Diversity in Aquatic Ecologists

  26. Past presidents of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Timothy R. Parsons (1969-70)F. Ronald Hayes (1968-69)Charles R. Goldman (1967-68)Frank F. Hooper (1966-67)Maurice Rattray, Jr. (1965-66)Gerald W. Prescott (1964-65)John C. Ayres (1963-64)Robert W. Pennak (1962-63)Gordon A. Riley (1961-62)W. Thomas Edmondson (1960-61)Bostwick H. Ketchum (1959-60)William E. Ricker (1958-59)Dale F. Leipper (1957-58)David C. Chandler (1956-57)Alfred C. Redfield (1955-56)David G. Frey (1954-55)Thurlow C. Nelson (1953-54)Frederick E.J. Fry (1952-53)Richard H. Fleming (1951-52)Carl L. Hubbs (1950-51)Arthur D. Hasler (1949-50)Claude E. Zobell (1948-49)G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1947-48)Donald S. Rawson (1946-47)Paul S. Welch (1946-46)George L. Clarke (1942-1946)Raymond C. Osburn (1941-42)William J.K. Harkness (1940-41)Lewis H. Tiffany (1939-40)Robert E. Coker (1938-39)James G. Needham (1937-38)Chancey Juday (1935-37) Debbie Bronk (2010-2012) Carlos Duarte (2008-2010)Sybil Seitzinger (2006-2008)Jonathan Cole (2004-06)Peter Jumars (2002-04)William M. Lewis (2000-02)Thomas C. Malone (1998-00)Diane M. McKnight (1996-98) Nancy H. Marcus (1994-96)John T. Lehman (1992-94) (resigned 6/94)Trevor Platt (1990-92)Claire L. Schelske (1988-90)Richard T. Barber (1986-88)John E. Hobbie (1984-86)Larry R. Pomeroy (1983-84)David Schindler (1982-83)Richard W. Eppley (1981-82)Robert G. Wetzel (1980-81)Patrick L. Parker (1979-80)Robert L. Smith (1978-79)George W. Saunders, Jr. (1977-78)Gene E. Likens (1976-77)Richard C. Dugdale (1975-76)Edward S. Deevey, Jr. (1974-75) James H. Carpenter (1973-74)George H. Lauff (1972-73)I. Eugene Wallen (1971-72)Clifford H. Mortimer (1970-71)

  27. Mary Power: control of primary production and river food webs --John and Margaret Gompertz Chair in Integrative Biology, 2002-2007, Berkley --G. Evelyn Hutchinson Medal, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, summer 2005 --Past President, American Society of Naturalists, 2005 http://www.amnat.org/

  28. Bobbi Peckarsky: mechanisms, consequences and evolution of predator-prey, consumer-resource, and competitive interactions Professor Emeritus, Cornell UniversityHonorary Fellow, University of Wisconsin,

  29. Carla E. Cáceres Associate Professor, University of Illinois --2003-2008  Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) --1999. R. L. Lindeman Award for the outstanding paper written by a young aquatic scientist, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.

  30. Hank Bart; Professor & Director, Tulane University Museum of Natural History diversity of North American fishes; systematics, taxonomy, community ecology and life history

  31. International Society of Limnology http://www.limnology.org/index.shtml

  32. Discussion of Lake a Microcosm What are entomostraca?Forbes found entomostraca in large lakes to be “inferior in numbers, in size and robustness, and in reproductive power” He concluded this was “doubtless due to the relative scarcity of food” On what evidence did he base this conclusion? Propose and alternative hypothesis. How would you test it?

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