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Pakistan. Independent Pakistan and Government Since Then. Civil War. Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971
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Civil War Pakistan begins as two separate and divided states East Pakistan is more populous; West Pakistan houses government East Pakistan declares independence from West Pakistan in 1971 Civil war erupts; East Pakistan wins, becomes new nation of Bangladesh
Politics • Pakistan goes back and forth from being a democracy and being ruled by a military dictator after a coup. • Pakistani politics have a tradition of being underhanded, violent, and volatile.
Jinnah (1947)>> Pakistan Politics <<Zulfikar Bhutto (1973-77) Benazir Bhutto>> (1988-90, 93-96) Sharif (1990-93, 97-99) Zardari (now) << Musharraf (1999-2008)
History of Pakistan’s Political Leaders • 1948: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founding father of Pakistan, dies • 1951: Jinnah’s successor, Liaquat Ali Khan is assassinated. • 1956: Constitution proclaims Pakistan as Islamic Republic. • 1958: General Ayyub Khan becomes president. • 1969: General Yahya Khan takes over in a coup. • 1973: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Benazir’s father) becomes PM. • 1979: General Zia ul-Haq overthrows and hangs Bhutto in a military coup & becomes president. Daughter Benazir goes into exile, returns in 1986. • 1988: Gen. Zia dies in mysterious plane crash. Bhutto’s Pakistan’s Peoples Party wins election & she becomes PM. • 1990: Benazir Bhutto is dismissed as PM on charges of incompetence & corruption.
History of Pakistan’s Leaders Continued • 1991: PM Nawaz Sharif begins economic liberalization. • 1993: PM Sharif resigns under pressure from military. General election brings Bhutto back to power. • 1996: President Leghari dismisses Bhutto’s government amid corruption allegations. • 1996: Nawaz Sharif returns as PM after his Pakistan Muslim League wins elections. • 1999: Bhutto and her husband are convicted of corruption and sentenced. Benazir flees to exile. Later that year Sharif is overthrown by General Pervez Musharraf in a military coup. • 2002: Musharraf grants himself new powers including the right to dismiss parliament. • 2007: Bhutto’s and Sharif’s parties protest Musharraf. Musharraf takes over media and communication networks. • 2008: Musharraf forced to step down in face of impeachment • 2011: Musharraf indicted for assassination of Benazir Bhutto
A Pattern of Instability • Many different governments rule Pakistan, non achieve stability • Benazir Bhutto leads Pakistan in 1980s and 1990s but is ousted. The military now rules. • Bhutto is assassinated in 2007. U.S. President George W. Bush condemned the assassination in a 27 December press conference.
Gen. PervexMusharaff • Coup d’etat. • Secular government against Islamic fundamentalists. • U.S. ally in the “War on Terror.”
The Musharraf Era • Musharraf came to power in a 1999 military coup, self appointed as president in 2001. • Enjoyed western support due to his announced intentions in 2002 to combat extremists in Pakistan. • Legitimacy of his rule is dubious - In 2007 he suspended the constitution and jailed several supreme court members before they were about to evaluate the validity of his election. • During Musharraf’s time Pakistan enjoyed impressive economic performance. • Musharraf’s approval rating plummeted to 15%.
Pakistan, The U.S. and the War on Terror • US supported Pakistan and Musharraf ever since he pledged to be an ally to the US in the war on terror. • US placed its faith in Musharraf by appropriating over $10B in foreign aid since 9/11. • Stark contrast to the sanctions US had against Pakistan before Musharraf pledged his support. • Question now is whether or not the US should have continued to support Musharraf since he became widely unpopular and Illegitimate.
President Prime Minister Asif Ali Zardari Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani
Effects: Suffering Economy • Economy suffered from decades of internal political disputes • a fast growing population • mixed levels of foreign investment • a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India
Major problems & Issues in Pakistan today • Economic development. • Political instability/military dictatorship. • Hindu-Muslim tensions. • Gender issues honor killings. • Terrorism. • The Kashmir dispute and nuclear weapons.
Kashmir, Nehru, the British Muslim ruler of Kashmir agrees to sign on with India, and Nehru makes exception to the rule of partition: “in cases of majority population land goes to Pakistan in border regions”......
Kashmir • Kashmir, a region occupied by Pakistan and India, lies south of the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan. • This disputed territory is the scene of sporadic fighting between the armies of Pakistan and India. China also occupies a part of Kashmir.
History of the Conflict The territory of Kashmir The territory was handed over to India after they gained independence from the British in 1947.
The Problem The Kashmir area was predominantly Muslim. The ruler of Kashmir fled to India and agreed to place Kashmir under Indian rule if India would protect Kashmir from invasion. If there had been a vote in Kashmir, the majority probably would have voted to become part of Pakistan for religious reasons.
Religious Groups in India-Controlled Kashmir Religious Groups in Pakistan-Controlled Kashmir Source: BBC World News, Pakistani and Indian Census Data
The Importance of Kashmir to India and Pakistan • The geography is mostly rural, with large mountains, deserts, and valleys. • The region could have natural resources such as oil, gold, or silver that has not yet been discovered.
Control of the Indus River • The Indus begins in Kashmir, flows through Pakistan, then flows into mainland India. • Since Kashmir is part of India, they could dam the Indus and change the flow of the river. • Without fertile land to grow crops, Pakistan would become a desert and its people would starve.
Religious Sites • Both Pakistan and India have sites in Kashmir that are important to their respective religions. • Pakistan is predominately Muslim. Kashmir is predominately Muslim. • India is predominately Hindu.
Strategic Location • India-Kashmir acts as a buffer. • Pakistan-Kashmir offers a fertile roadway into India for possible invasion.
... Pakistan objects, Indian sends in new army to Kashmir, and war breaks out in 1947-8, ending in the “LINE OF CONTROL” still extant today...
1965 War Conflict’s Context: US [Pakistan] vs. USSR [India] Global Cold War
War • Three major wars between India and Pakistan have been fought over the Kashmir territory • 1947-1948 • 1965 • 1971 • A fourth war almost took place when Pakistan invaded and attempted to capture Kargil.
The Battle for Kashmir • India and Pakistan fight over Kashmir, a region in northern India • Cease-fire in 1949, but disputes over the region continues. • In total, India and Pakistan have fought four wars • Indo-Pakistan War of 1947 • Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 • Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 • Indo-Pakistan War of 1999 (minor war)
1999 Kargil Skirmish Context: Both nations nuclear powers
Kargil Conflict (1999) • In 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence capability. • Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore Summit was held in 1999. • The sense of optimism was short-lived, however, since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India.
Nine killed in violence in India's Kashmir March 21, 2001JAMMU, India -- Nine people have been killed in a series of military skirmishes in India's troubled northern state of Jammu and Kashmir.
A Pakistani Ranger at the Indian-Pakistani Joint Border Check Post in Wagha, India - 2001
Mumbai Bombings, Nov 26, 2008 163 people die from terrorist bombings A Kashmir Connection? Lashkar, Regional History and Islamist Militarism Taj Mahal Hotel Photo: Punit Paranjpe/Reuters
Hindu Kashmiri Panditas terrorized, flight into refugee camps in Jammu
