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Disorders of the Endocrine System. Thyroid Gland. Hormone : Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone) Increased metabolic rate Increased food intake but loss of weight Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes). Goitre. Thyroid Gland. Hormone: Thyroxin
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Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Overactivity (Too much hormone) • Increased metabolic rate • Increased food intake but loss of weight • Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease) • Goitre (swollen neck, maybe bulging eyes)
Thyroid Gland Hormone: Thyroxin Underactivity (Not enough hormone) • Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease) - Reduced metabolic rate • Low food intake but gain of weight • Myxoedema (when onset in adults) • Cretinism (when onset in children) • Can also cause a goitre
Myxoedema • Puffiness (swelling) • Fatigue • Obesity • Dry, thickened skin • Mental impairment • Thin, brittle hair
Cretinism • Protuberant abdomen • Short Stature • Infertility • Neurological impairment • Constant Fatigue • Obesity
Thyroid Gland Hormone: Calcitonin Overactivity - Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca - Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or cramps) Underactivity - Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca • Osteoporosis (brittle bones) • Kidney stones
Parathyroid Glands Hormone: Parathormone (PTH) Underactivity • Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca • Tetany Overactivity • High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca • Osteoporosis
Pancreas Hormone: Insulin Overactivity • Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) • Hypoglycemia Underactivity • High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) • Hyperglycemia • Diabetes
Pancreas Hormone: Glucagon Overactivity • High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL) • Diabetes Underactivity • Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL) • Hyper insulinism
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone:Growth Hormone Overactive • Giantism (children - very tall) • Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken) Underactive - Dwarfism (very short)
The man holding the baby in the photo is 8 ft, 2.5 inches tall Giantism
Dwarfism occurs when there is short supply of GH in childhood. There are two types of dwarfism – Lorrain and Frohlich’s Dwarfism
Overactive Goitre Hyperthyroidism Grave’s Disease Underactive Goitre Hypothyroidism Hashimoto’s Disease Myxoedema (adults) Cretinism (kids) Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate
Overactive Tetany Underactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Calcitonin – Inc. Ca uptake by bones and dec. Ca level in blood
Overactive Kidney Stones Osteoporosis Underactive Tetany Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone
Overactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism (insulin shock) Underactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels
Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany • Osteoporosis • Kidney Stones Blood Ca Blood Ca Tetany • Osteoporosis • Kidney Stones
Overactive Hyperglycemia Diabetes Underactive Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinism Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels
Insulin vs Glucagon BSL BSL BSL BSL BSL Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia • Diabetes BSL Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia • Diabetes
Overactive Giantism (children) Acromegaly (adults) Underactive Dwarfism (Frohlich’s and Lorrain) GH - Growth Hormone – increases bone growth
Overactive Skin darkens Under active Skin will not darken Most severe condition is albinism MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone – causes color cells (melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive Unknown Underactive Sterility LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in males and females that aid in sperm or egg (gamete) production
Overactive Cushing’s Syndrome Underactive Addison’s Disease Decreased cortisol and/or aldosterone production Corticoids – inc. blood pressure, inc. food metabolism and dec. inflammation