Chapter 5 Language

1. Chapter 5 Language

2. As you enter • Please locate your homework—Chapter 5 identifications.

3. Vocabulary Quiz • Use your identifications to complete the vocabulary quiz

4. With a partner • 1. Make a list of at least 10 countries where English is widely used. Not including US and Canada.

5. History of English • The Celts and Celtic language existed in the British isles until about 2000 years ago. • European tribes pushed the Celts westward to Scotland, Wales and Ireland. • Invaded by Germanic tribes who brought their Germanic language with them. • Influenced later by Norman (French) invaders. • Germanic= horse, man, woman • French= equestrian, masculine, feminine

6. Development of English • Germanic Tribes (Germany/Denmanrk) • Jutes • Angles • Saxons • Vikings (Norway) • 9th - 11th Centuries • Normans (French) • Battle of Hastings, 1066 • French was official language for 150 years.

8. Indo-European Language Family - Romance Branch • Like English these languages have been spread by Colonialism. • Spanish (425 million) • Portuguese (194) - most in Brazil • French (129) • Italian (62) • Romanian (26)

9. Key Terms PIDGIN - a form of speech that adopts simplified grammar and limited vocabulary from a lingua franca, used for communication between speakers of two different languages. Examples include Hawaiian Pidgin and the creoles of West Africa that resulted from the slave trade. “No eat da candy, Bruddah, it's pilau. Da thing wen fall on da ground.”

10. Give us da food we need fo today an every day.Hemmo our shame, an let us goFo all dakine bad stuff we do to you,Jalike us guys let daodda guys go awready,And we no stay huhu wit demFo all dakine bad stuff dey do to us.No let us get chance fo do bad kine stuff,But take us outadea, so da Bad Guy no can hurt us.Cuz you our King.You get da real power,An you stay awesome foeva.Dass it!” Matthew 6:9-13 “The Lord’s Prayer” - Taken from Da Jesus Book, a twelve year effort by 6 linguists to translate the New Testament into Hawaiian Pidgin, published 2001

11. Dialects • A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling and pronunciation. • People move and create new dialects on a given language. American v. English English • British Received Pronunciation (BRP) • Discuss: How does one dialect become recognized as the “standard language?”

12. American v. British • How did it change?

13. American v. British • Different vocabulary • New experiences, landscapes, habitats • Moose, raccoon, turkey • Native-American influence • Canoe, Moccasin, squash • Eskimo and snow

14. Language and Perception - Eskimo Words for Snow Inuit - 10 Words or more 'ice' sikko 'bare ice' tingenek 'snow (in general)' aput 'snow (like salt)’ pukak 'soft deep snow' mauja 'snowdrift' tipvigut 'soft snow' massak 'watery snow' mangokpok 'snow filled with water' massalerauvok 'soft snow' akkilokipok

15. West Greenlandic - 49 Words 'sea-ice' siku (in plural = drift ice) 'pack-ice/large expanses of ice in motion' sikursuit, pl. (compacted drift ice/ice field = sikutiqimaniri) 'new ice' sikuliaq/sikurlaaq (solid ice cover = nutaaq.) 'thin ice' sikuaq (in plural = thin ice floes) 'rotten (melting) ice floe' sikurluk 'iceberg' iluliaq (ilulisapitsirnga = part of iceberg below waterline) '(piece of) fresh-water ice' nilak 'lumps of ice stranded on the beach' issinnirit, pl. 'glacier' (also ice forming on objects) sirmiq (sirmirsuaq = Inland Ice) 'snow blown in (e.g. doorway)' sullarniq 'rime/hoar-frost' qaqurnak/kanirniq/kaniq 'frost (on inner surface of e.g. window)' iluq 'icy mist' pujurak/pujuqkanirnartuq 'hail' nataqqurnat 'snow (on ground)' aput (aputsisurtuq = avalanche) 'slush (on ground)' aputmasannartuq 'snow in air/falling' qaniit (qanik = snowflake) 'air thick with snow' nittaalaq (nittaallat, pl. = snowflakes; nittaalaqnalliuttiqattaartuq = flurries) 'hard grains of snow' nittaalaaqqat, pl. 'feathery clumps of falling snow' qanipalaat 'new fallen snow' apirlaat 'snow crust' pukak 'snowy weather' qannirsuq/nittaatsuq 'snowstorm' pirsuq/pirsirsursuaq 'large ice floe' iluitsuq 'snowdrift' apusiniq 'ice floe' puttaaq 'hummocked ice/pressure ridges in pack ice' maniillat/ingunirit, pl. 'drifting lump of ice' kassuq (dirty lump of glacier-calved ice = anarluk) 'ice-foot (left adhering to shore)' qaannuq 'icicle' kusugaq 'opening in sea ice imarnirsaq/ammaniq (open water amidst ice = imaviaq) 'lead (navigable fissure) in sea ice' quppaq 'rotten snow/slush on sea' qinuq 'wet snow falling' imalik 'rotten ice with streams forming' aakkarniq 'snow patch (on mountain, etc.)' aputitaq 'wet snow on top of ice' putsinniq/puvvinniq 'smooth stretch of ice' manirak (stretch of snow-free ice = quasaliaq) 'lump of old ice frozen into new ice' tuaq 'new ice formed in crack in old ice' nutarniq 'bits of floating' naggutit, pl. 'hard snow' mangiggal/mangikaajaaq 'small ice floe (not large enough to stand on)' masaaraq 'ice swelling over partially frozen river, etc. from water seeping up to the surface' siirsinniq 'piled-up ice-floes frozen together' tiggunnirit 'mountain peak sticking up through inland ice' nunataq 'calved ice (from end of glacier)' uukkarnit 'edge of the (sea) ice' sinaaq Eskimo Words for Snow

16. American v. British • Different spellings • Merriam-Webster • Dropped u in words like colour, odour • Switched c and s in words like defence

17. American v. British • Different Pronunciation • Especially “a” and “r” • Fast, path, half • Lord • Necessary= Necess’ry • Secretary= Secret’ry

18. 21 Accents • 21accents.com • Youtube: English accents

19. Cockney • Make your own

20. Dialects in the US • With a partner, make a mental map of as many different versions of English dialects as you can in the US. • Example: Southern • Try to provide an example of a word or phrase they might use • Example: Y’all

21. Examples • Northeastern (Boston) • Drop r: heart, lark, car, ear, care • Southern • Tyuesday, dyue • Po-ur, ha-af • Western US • Mostly settled by Mid-Atlantic • West coast: dude, bro • Others: NY, Louisiana, Texas, Spanglish/Chicano, Wisconsin/Minnesota, Bal’mer Hon

22. American Dialects • 3 major areas: Northern, Midland, Southern • Based on original settlers • Example: • English settlers in NE and SE • Quakers, Germans, Scotch, Irish in Mid-Atlantic Region • Heaviest variations on the east coast • Dialects are most diverse in rural areas. Why?

23. http://www.gotoquiz.com/what_american_accent_do_you_have

24. Isogloss • Words that are not universal. Usage has distinct boundaries. • i.e. soda v. pop

25. Twitter • Regional dialects in Tweets.

26. NC Isoglosses

27. As you enter • Pick up a laptop and log in. • Please locate HW: Chapter 5KI 1

28. Key Issue 1 Quiz

29. Language Tree

30. Language Tree • Largest to Smallest • Super Family • Family • Branch • Group • Example: English • Super Family: Nostratic • Family: Indo-European (Largest in the world 48%) • Branch: Germanic • Group: West Germanic

31. World’s Largest Language Families • See p. 164-165 • Indo-European • Sino-Tibetan • Afro-Asiatic • Austronesian • Dravidian • Altaic • Niger-Congo • Japanese

32. Language Distribution indicates • History and conquest • Isolation or integration of cultures • Migration of peoples • Economic Domination of certain cultures • Influence of wealth and technology • Political Divisions (country boundaries) • Physical geography barriers (mts., deserts)

33. Cultural Values A Language May Indicate • class structure • gender differences in vocabulary • environmentally specific vocabulary • formal and informal relationships • technology of a culture

34. Exit Ticket • What is the most compelling reason that language is important to culture? Why?

35. Drill Questions • A lingua franca is… • Franglais is…

36. Notes • Discuss with those around you and write on a blank sheet of paper: • Why is language so important? List at least 3 reasons. • Why is it important to have a standard language? List at least 3 reasons.

37. Local Language Preservation • Local Language Preservation v. Global Dominance of English • Right: Internet hosts by language

38. Endangered Languages As recently as 3,000 years ago, there were 10,000 to 15,000 languages in the world. Now: about 6000 left. Of those, 1/2 will be gone by the year 2100 and all but 500 of the rest will be endangered. More than 90 percent of the languages in existence today will be extinct or threatened in little more than a century if current trends continue.

39. Extinct or Endangered Languages - Cameroon (11) BIKYA BISHUOBUNG BUSUU DULIGEY LUO NAGUMI NDAI NGONG YENI ZUMAYA

40. Extinct Languages - USA (93) ABNAKI-PENOBSCOT ACHUMAWI AHTENA APACHE, KIOWA APACHE, LIPAN ATAKAPA ATSUGEWI BILOXI CADDO CAHUILLA CATAWBA CHEHALIS, LOWER CHEROKEE CHETCO CHINOOK CHINOOK WAWA CHITIMACHA CHUMASH CLALLAM COEUR D'ALENE COOS COQUILLE COWLITZ CUPEÑO EYAK FLATHEAD-KALISPEL GALICE GROS VENTRE HAN HAWAI'I PIDGIN SIGN LANGUAGE HOLIKACHUK HUPA IOWA-OTO KALAPUYA KANSA KASHAYA KATO KAWAIISU KITSAI KOYUKON LUMBEE LUSHOOTSEED MAIDU, NORTHEAST MAIDU, NORTHWEST MAIDU, VALLEY MANDAN MARTHA'S VINEYARD SIGN MATTOLE MENOMINI MIAMI MIWOK MOBILIAN MOHEGAN MONO NANTICOKE NATCHEZ NISENAN NOOKSACK OFO OSAGE POMO POWHATAN QUAPAW QUILEUTE QUINAULT SALINAN SALISH SERRANO SHASTA SIUSLAW SNOHOMISH TANAINA TILLAMOOK TOLOWA TONKAWA TÜBATULABAL TUNICA TUSCARORA TUTELO TUTUTNI TWANA UNAMI WAILAKI WAMPANOAG WAPPO WASCO-WISHRAM WINTU WIYOT WYANDOT YANA YOKUTS YUKI YUROK

41. Endangered Languages Why are they disappearing? Globalization Migration (Urbanization) Economic Development - Lingua Francas Media Internet (Requires Arabic Character Set) Lingua Franca - a language used for trade by two people who speak different native tongues.

42. Revival of Hebrew • Once used only in Jewish religious services. • Became revived through use in the Bible’s Old Testament. • When Israel was established as an independent country, Hebrew became one of the official languages because of the large Jewish population.

43. Preserving Celtic • Once spoken all over Europe, now isolated to parts of Scotland, Wales and Ireland. • At one time, children were punished in school for speaking Celtic. • Parents wanted their kids to learn English to be able to compete for jobs. • Welsh Language Society and Britain’s Education Act made Welsh language (a dialect of Celtic) training mandatory to bring it back. • Services are provided in Welsh, Welsh road signs, TV/radio in Welsh, etc.

44. How do languages spread? • Renfrew Hypothesis: Fertile crescent and agriculture. • Conquest Theory: Examples

45. Multi-Flow Map

46. Lingua Franca • Used in trade so multiple cultures can communicate. • English is the #1 lingua franca. • Japanese government is considering making English a second official language

47. Pidgin • Sometimes pidgin languages are formed when various dialects are fused with other languages. • Examples: • Hawaiian pidgin • Ebonics • Appalachia pidgin

48. Hawaiian Pidgin Video

49. Question • How can a pidgin language be a problem?

50. English to Other Languages • When English words become integrated into other languages. • Examples: • Spanglish • Franglais • Denglish