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Chapter 5 Language

Chapter 5 Language. Kovacs. Thinking Linguistically. German introduction Real models in German Super bowl- Coke Who speaks a second language? . Language and Communication. Essential element in HumanGeo = communication Language is the most common form of communication (written or oral)

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Chapter 5 Language

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  1. Chapter 5 Language Kovacs

  2. Thinking Linguistically • German introduction • Real models in German • Super bowl- Coke • Who speaks a second language?

  3. Language and Communication • Essential element in HumanGeo= communication • Language is the most common form of communication (written or oral) • Only a language if it’s comprehended by other people • Primary means of transmitting culture 1 generation to the next • Difficult to represent its patterns on a single map • What is a language? • Large # of languages

  4. Hard to show on a map… • Nigeria- 250 languages • Papua New Guinea-800 languages • Chinese…many native speakers, but not as large as English speaking regions • Therefore on a map…ok to focus on fewer languages that 95% of the worlds population speaks • =100 languages • Languages don’t stop at national boundaries- only Japanese is spoken primarily in 1 country

  5. English Speaking Countries Fig. 5-1: English is an official language in 50 countries, including some in which it is not the most widely spoken language. It is also used and understood in many others.

  6. Languages of Nigeria Fig. 5-15: More than 200 languages are spoken in Nigeria, the largest country in Africa (by population). English, considered neutral, is the official language.

  7. Definitions! • Literary tradition • Language • Official language • System of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understand to have the same meaning • Used by the government for laws, reports, public objects; road signs, money, stamps • System of written communication Answers: language official language literary tradition

  8. Into to English • http://io9.com/this-animated-history-of-the-english-language-is-wonder-1464423756?utm_campaign=socialflow_io9_facebook&utm_source=io9_facebook&utm_medium=socialflow (12 minutes)

  9. Origin, Diffusion, & Dialects of English • Origin and diffusion of English • English colonies • Origin of English in England • Dialects of English • Dialects in England • Differences between British & American English • Dialects in the United States

  10. My fair Lady • Received Pronunciation – England’s standard • RP is used in London (upper class) + Cambridge and Oxford • Sub dialects reflect migration to London and outmigration of Londoners

  11. Your turn Russian/British • Choose 10 words from the weebly to incorporate into your British English paper. • You are to use formal writing giving context to the word and not DUMPING them. Also underline your words.

  12. Russian Sign Russian is an Indo-European language written in the Cyrillic alphabet, originally brought to Russia by Greek missionaries

  13. Section 1 vocab game

  14. Dialects • What were your 3 main cities from the weebly? • Particular chicken bone in USA • Wishbone • Pulley-bone • USA- North, Midland, South • Settlers routes determined by topography, streams, arable land • Dialects= shared identity + communication • National Standard Language- parents GEOGRAPHIC and SOCIAL origins

  15. Dialects cont. • When little contact and external influence exist= Elizabethan speech in Appalachian Mts although disappeared in England • Oldest places= most ingrained language habits ex. N England some people cannot understand • Regional dialects are less evident in USA because we move frequently (are not as old) and communicate using more modern terms (i.e. internet) • Ex. Southern “drawl,” New England “twang” • In USA most evident ethnicity and socio-economic class

  16. Why is the US so different from British English? • Webster 1) ignored 2) was unaware Created rules for grammar in order to have a 1. national language 2. Reduce cultural dependency 3. Inspire national pride Colonists were not upper class Britains either…explain

  17. Dialects cont. • Migration, external forces, borrowing of new words • Some languages get “updated” evident in new editions of the dictionary. “archaic words” (British English vs. Colonial English) • France vs. Quebec

  18. WE are Family!!! • Similarities are seen in language families • Common stem “family tree” • Shared ancestry • Today 70 language families • Today such a DIVERSIFICATION…subfamilies branching to individual language so…related historically, but mutually unintelligible

  19. Language Family Trees Fig. 5-12: Family trees and estimated numbers of speakers for the main world language families.

  20. Examples of Language Families • Indo European Family –most extensive of all language families • Spoken by ½ worlds population • Origin: Prehistoric peoples-black sea- • Migrants + conquers-> Europe, SW Asia, Indian subcontinent • Result: subfamilies and evolved

  21. Indo-European Language Family Fig. 5-5: The main branches of the Indo-European language family include Germanic, Romance, Balto-Slavic, and Indo-Iranian.

  22. Germanic Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-6: The Germanic branch today is divided into North and West Germanic groups. English is in the West Germanic group.

  23. South Asian Languages & Language Families Fig. 5-7: Indo-European is the largest of four main language families in South Asia. The country of India has 18 official languages.

  24. Romance Branch of Indo-European Fig. 5-8: The Romance branch includes three of the world’s 12 most widely spoken languages (Spanish, French, and Portuguese), as well as a number of smaller languages and dialects.

  25. The Indo-European Language Family • Branches of Indo-European • Germanic branch • Indo-Iranian branch • Balto-Slavic branch • Romance branch • Origin and diffusion of Indo-European • Kurgan and Anatolian theories

  26. Kurgan Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-9: In the Kurgan theory, Proto-Indo-European diffused from the Kurgan hearth north of the Caspian Sea, beginning about 7000 years ago.

  27. Kurgan theory • Linguists and anthropologist debate • “Nomadic Warrior hypothesis” p. 150 • Kurgan people present day Russia/Kazakhstan were nomadic herders who domesticated horse/cattle and migrated in search of grassland. • w to Europe and e to Siberia and SE to Iran/S Asia • Warriors using horses as weapons-Conquering!

  28. Anatolian Hearth Theory of Indo-European Origin Fig. 5-10: In the Anatolian hearth theory, Indo-European originated in Turkey before the Kurgans and diffused through agricultural expansion.

  29. Anatolian Theory • Archaeologist Colin Renfrew+ Biologist Russell D Gray support the idea that present day Turkey diffused W to Greece, W + N Europe/S Asia through agricultural practices not military. Growing food is better than relying on hunting = language speakers! • Also, their first speakers were 2,000+ years before Kurgans. • Distinct languages developed because Communication was poor and generations were isolated.

  30. Quentin Atkinson’s ideas • New Zealand Researcher • All languages trace to Africa- less language diversity outside Africa because shorter time to evolve into new languages

  31. Indo European • Subfamily is Italic- aka Latin • Romans spoke- conquests-standard language (who?) and spoken dialect (who?) • 20th century- Latin declined- doctors, lawyers, scientists • What does this show? • Linguistic change is important to geography because it reflects patters of social interaction

  32. Distribution of Other LanguageFamilies • Classification of languages • Distribution of language families • Sino-Tibetan language family • Other East and Southeast Asian language families • Afro-Asiatic language family • Altaic and Uralic language families • African language families

  33. Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

  34. Language Families of Africa Fig. 5-14: The 1000 or more languages of Africa are divided among five main language families, including Austronesian languages in Madagascar.

  35. Chinese Ideograms Fig. 5-13: Chinese language ideograms mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. The two basic characters at the top can be built into more complex words.

  36. Hindrances to Language • Restrain divergence • 1) need to communicate –large # ppl- common language • 2) Government/institutions= Standard form • Italy 1546, France 1635, Pure language Academies • 3) Mass communication • Radio/TV

  37. Pidgin / Creole / Lingua Franca • Ppl with different languages attempt to communicate = development of a new language = “Pidgin” • When a second generation speaks Pidgin it is now a “Creole” language • Lingua Franca- 2nd language spoken by 2+ groups whose 1st language is different • I.E. Spanish/Chinese native speakers 2nd language is English- Lingua Franca

  38. Port-au-Prince, Haiti Haitian Creole and French are both official languages in Haiti, although English is also used.

  39. Why 6000+ languages are still important (ch 5 ? # 2) • American Indian/Haiti/Ireland/Africa/Asia, etc.- maintain culture • French Canadians- unity • Governments dictate standard language…smell a revolt? • Imperialism- reclaim roots • Tele Mundo, German channels on TV- modern technology allows for communication in many languages • Tourism…global world what do you have authentic to offer? • Government sanction to recognize cultures that are “dying out” “Navajo Code Talkers ceremony” “Miss Navajo”

  40. Signs in Barcelona, Spain Signs in Barcelona are written both in Catalán (top) and Spanish (bottom).

  41. French-English Boundary in Canada Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

  42. French Signs in Québec City

  43. Spanish Signs in New York City

  44. 6000+ examples • Belgium North vs. South • Flemish vs. French = divided country= Preserve multiple languages • Switzerland – decentralized government local power German, French, Italian, Romansh

  45. Language Divisions in Belgium Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

  46. Language Areas in Switzerland Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

  47. Language Diversity & Uniformity • Preserving language diversity • Hebrew: reviving extinct languages • Celtic: preserving endangered languages • Multilingual states • Isolated languages • Global dominance of English • English as a lingua franca • 90% of students in the EU learn English • Diffusion to other languages

  48. Ireland Road Signs Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

  49. Bookstore in Brussels, Belgium The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

  50. Jerusalem Street sign A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, 2001. The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

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