James Monroe

1. James Monroe President #5 Political Party: Democratic-Republicans (Anti-Federalist) Years as President: 1817 – 1825

2. Background • Education: he attended the College of William and Mary. • Previous employment: Monroe fought in the Continental army and practiced law in Virginia. He was also a Senator and the Minister to France. • Vice President: Daniel D. Tompkins (1817 – 1825) • Secretary of State: Richard Rush (1817); John Quincy Adams (1817 – 1825) • Other significant cabinet members: John C. Calhoun (Secretary of War 1817 - 1825) • States admitted into the Union: Mississippi (1817); Illinois (1818); Alabama (1819); Missouri and Maine in the Missouri Compromise (1820 – 1821)

3. First Election (1816) • Electoral votes: 183 votes (out of 217) • Popular votes: The records of these were not kept until 1824. • Other candidates: Rufus King (Federalist) – 34 votes  Reason for win: The Federalists were so out of favor with the public that “a majority had abandoned the party name altogether,” after fiascos such as the Hartford Convention.

4. Second Election (1820) • Electoral votes: 231 (out of 232) • Popular votes: N/A until 1824 • Other candidates: John Quincy Adams (Democratic-Republican) – 1 vote  Reason for win: There was really no competition from another political party, since the Federalists had fallen apart after the 1816 election.

5. Terms to Know • The Era of Good Feelings • The First Seminole War • The Rush-Bagot Agreement • The Convention of 1818 • McCulloch vs. Maryland • The Financial Panic of 1818 • The Adams-Onis Treaty (The Transcontinental Treaty) • Dartmouth College vs. Woodward • The Missouri Compromise • Washington Irving and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” • The “Hudson River School of Art” is Founded • The Monroe Doctrine • Henry Clay’s American System • Gibbons vs. Ogden

6. The Era of Good Feelings (1817) • The name of the period at the beginning of Monroe’s presidency, when there was little to no partisan strife. • This is due to the fact that Monroe’s win crushed the Federalists, the party formerly in opposition to his. • Monroe took a good-will tour through the North • Impact: Under the surface, issues such as slavery were causing tensions which broke violently loose in the 1824 election, one of the only ones that had to be decided by a vote from the House. • Source: http://www.academicamerican.com/jeffersonjackson/topics/monroeadmin.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0817546.html

7. The First Seminole War (1817) • Seminole Indian weapons trading with the British and protection of runaway slaves caused the war. • Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the Seminoles. • This led to the Adams-Onis Treaty, in which Spain gave Florida to the Union. • As for the Seminoles, they were either strongly urged to relocate, or fled into the Everglades. The conflict over whether they should stay or go led to the Second Seminole War (1832). • Source: http://www.flheritage.com/facts/history/seminole/wars.cfm

8. The Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817) • A border treaty between British North America (Canada) and the US in regards to the Great Lakes. • It limited the navy each side could keep in the Lakes. • It’s the “longest undefended border” which still stands today. • It marked the beginning of the period of cooperation between Britain and America, which also still stands today! • Sources: http://www.aandc.org/research/rush-bagot_agreement.htmlhttp://history.state.gov/milestones/1801-1829/Ruch-Bagot

9. The Convention of 1818 • Defined the border between British North America (Canada) and the United States. • The area west of the Rocky Mountains was to be “free and open” to both the British and the US for the next ten years. • This encouraged both countries to attempt to colonize that area. • This was also the last major territorial loss for the US. • Source: http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001893

10. McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) • A court case which proved that the fed. govn’t has more authority than a state govn’t and let Congress create a bank. • Specifically, the state governments may not tax institutions of the federal government such as banks. • Supports the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution (the “Elastic Clause”) which basically gives the government the right to do anything it wants to as long as it’s to carry out the purposes of the Constitution. • This lets the government get away with a lot of things that aren’t specifically in its list of powers. • Sources: http://www.lawnix.com/cases/mcculloch-maryland.htmlhttp://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A1Sec8.html

11. The Financial Panic of 1819 (ended 1823) • The time when the economic growth following the war of 1812 ground to a halt and a national panic set in. • Unemployment mounted, banks failed, investment collapsed, etc. • This was the first time in US history when Urban poverty was a problem. Other poverty issues such as Shay’s Rebellion originated with the frontier farmers. • The public demanded more democratic state constitutions (an end to voting restrictions, for e.g.) and became suspicious of banks and other “privileged” organizations. • Source: http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=574

12. The Adams-Onis Treaty/ Transcontinental Treaty (1819) • An agreement similar to the Louisiana Purchase in which Spain gave Florida to the Union for $5 million. • The US ceded its claims to anything west of the Sabine River to Spain, including Texas and California, but mandated that Spain relinquish claims to anything north of California (42o North). • This was one of the critical events that defined the US-Mexico border. • It was also important to Indian relations, as it required the US make peace with the Seminoles, the natives of Florida. • Source: http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/history/timeline/2.html

13. Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819) • A court case that defined the rights of states in regards to business with non-governmental bodies. • Limited states’ interference in private institutions • Defined the limits of contracts between the government and such organizations • Sources: http://www.oyez.org/cases/1792-1850/1818/1818_0http://www.laapush.org/supremecourt45.htm

14. The Missouri Compromise (1819) • An bill to allow Missouri into the Union as a slave state. • Maine (non-slave state) would also join; the balance in Congress between slave & non-slave states would be kept. • Missouri was not allowed to curtail the rights of citizens (including free blacks) in its state Constitution. • No more slave states could be created in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase (North of 36o30’N latitude). • The 36o30’N proviso held until 1854 (repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act) • Set a premise for Congressional interference on the issue of slavery, and for compromise rather than solution. • Sources: http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0833427.htmlhttp://history1800s.about.com/od/slaveryinamerica/a/missouricompro.htm

15. Washington Irving publishes “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle” (1820) • These stories offer highly accurate portrayals of rural American life in the 1820s. • They contrast life before and after the Revolution; Irving said that before was more simple, and that life in the colonies was constantly changing. • These stories are highly influential in our current understanding of this time period. • Sources: • http://www.schooltales.net/sleepyhollow/ • http://www.enotes.com/american-history-literature-cc/rip-van-winkle

16. “Hudson River School of American Art” founded • This was the first coherent American art style. • It is significant in that it set the tone for many future American styles, and while borrowing from European fashions was completely original to the United States. • It embodied many ideals that were current in the literary world at the time, such as the works of Ralph Waldo Emerson. • Source: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/ihas/icon/hudson.html

17. Monroe Doctrine (1823) • A warning from Monroe to Europe not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere, made in a report to Congress in 1823. • The United States will not support further colonization • Neither will it allow puppet monarchs • This stance has been maintained in US foreign relations for nearly 200 years • It was especially important to the decolonization of Latin America • An important recent invocation of the Doctrine was during the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), to quarantine Cuba • Source (incl. primary source) http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=23

18. Henry Clay’s American System (1824) • A three-part system devised to balance agriculture, commerce, and industry. • A tariff to promote American industry • A national bank system • Federal subsidies (funded by the tariffs) for road, canals and other economic-improvement projects • Congress passed laws in accordance with the goals of the system from 1816 – 1828 • Many of them are still in effect today • The American System became the focus of opposition to Andrew Jackson after 1829 • Source: http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Speeches_ClayAmericanSystem.htm

19. Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) • Another court case that expanded the powers of the government, justified by the Commerce Clause in the Constitution. • Congress has power to regulate any commerce that crosses state lines, and that their regulations are more weighty than those the state governments establish. • This case and the Commerce • Clause itself have been used • to justify everything from • taxes to health care reform. • Sources: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_gibbons.htmlhttp://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A1Sec8.html

20. Two other significant events • Gen. Andrew Jackson invades St. Mark’s and Pensacola (FL; 1818) • Although some said Jackson should be punished for his actions, Monroe chose to use the event to enter into negotiations with Spain, which led to the Adams-Onis Treaty • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Monroe • The Military Establishment Act • Reduces the army’s manpower to 40% • Reflects a shift towards diplomacy and commerce, rather than intimidation, in foreign policy • http://millercenter.org/president/keyevents/monroe

21. Quotes Positive Negative • “If we look to the history of other nations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of a people so prosperous and happy.” - James Monroe praising own government “Turn his soul wrong-side outwards and there is not a speck on it.” - Thomas Jefferson writing about James Monroe • [Your speech has angered the Federalists and been] “very grating to the ears of many.” - James Madison, in a letter James Monroe’s address to the French government  [His final address was]“unpardonable.” - Secretary of State Timothy Pickering on James Monroe’s last speech in France, in which he criticized George Washington’s foreign policy

22. Contributions and significance • Monroe contributed to the collapse of the Federalist/Anti-Federalist party system • Issues raised during his time as president set the stage for the hotly contested election of 1824 • He dealt very well with foreign policy, maintaining peaceful relations with Britain, France, and Spain • His administration’s treatment of the Seminole Indians set negative precedents for future Indian conflicts • The Monroe Doctrine has influenced American foreign policy ever since its conception and helped allow the decolonization of Latin America

23. PowerPoint made by: Jennifer Paffenbarger Period Two

24. Other Sources • Image on first slide: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pingnews/2049918271/ • Information: http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe • Quick facts: http://millercenter.org/president/monroe • 1816/1820 election: http://americanhistory.about.com/od/jamesmonroe/p/pmonroe.htm • 1816 election: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h260.html • 1820 election: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h261.html • Quote from Jefferson: http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdmonro.htm • Quote from Monroe: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/jamesmonro135606.html