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Geography AS

Geography AS. Managing Change in Human Environments Urban. Geography AS. Managing Change in Human Environments Quality of Life. Quality of Life. How do we measure Quality of Life? Who’s asking? Indicators Quality of life across Leicester Measuring quality of life on Leicester’s streets

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Geography AS

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  1. Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Urban

  2. Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Quality of Life

  3. Quality of Life • How do we measure Quality of Life? • Who’s asking? • Indicators • Quality of life across Leicester • Measuring quality of life on Leicester’s streets • LEDC urban quality of life

  4. Quality of Life Indicators • Social • Disaffection • Crime • Drugs • Violence • Origin and ethnicity • Redundancy • People • Built environment • Affluence / poverty • Education • Social indices • Deprivation • Overcrowding • Infant mortality • Health • Demographics • CCJs • Insurance • Exam results • Economic • Economic activity • Unemployment • Wealth • Income • Housing • Value • Tenure • Condition • Rent arrears • Government assistance • Free school meals • Benefits • Demographics • Age and gender • Population change • Number and type of vehicles • Local policy • LEDC/MEDC • Environment • Litter • Graffiti • Refuse/dumping • Vandalism • Greenery • Access to park • Land use

  5. Industry and commerce Low Quality of Life Medium Quality of Life High Quality of Life Quality of Life in Leicester

  6. Quality of Life in Leicester Warehousing surrounding CBD. Relocation of industry late 20C to edge of city e.g. Everards. Led to run down inner city e.g. Wycliffe. Small terraced housing, no gardens, on street parking, overcrowding, good public transport, low car ownership. Bede Island Abandoned Industry, unattractive 1990s regeneration under City Challenge Scheme. Includes housing association housing. Anstey Lane – inter and post war semi’s. Good housing, low unemployment, above ave car ownership Pre-1970s Clarendon Park was low status inner city. Local Council created General Improvement Area; blocked streets to thru traffic and offered 50% grants for home improvement. Gentrification. 1960s high rise council housing e,g, St Matthews. High unemployment and low skills. 2nd lowest income in 1996 (£8.7k) and 20% illness due to stress. Incorporation of former villages e.g. Evington. Strong community, picturesque housing. 75% owner occupied. Saffron/Eyres Monsell the results of 1920s to 1950s inner city slum clearance. Relatively good housing conditions in edge of city council housing. Poor education and skills. Vandalism, truancy, graffiti, single parent families pose great challenges. Industry and commerce Low Quality of Life Medium Quality of Life High Quality of Life Stoneygate, Knighton suburbanised in late 19C and early 20C due to improved public transport and movement of affluent people.

  7. Quality of Life in Leicester Warehousing surrounding CBD. Relocation of industry late 20C to edge of city e.g. Everards. Led to run down inner city e.g. Wycliffe. Small terraced housing, no gardens, on street parking, overcrowding, good public transport, low car ownership. Bede Island Abandoned Industry, unattractive 1990s regeneration under City Challenge Scheme. Includes housing association housing. Anstey Lane – inter and post war semi’s. Good housing, low unemployment, above ave car ownership Pre-1970s Clarendon Park was low status inner city. Local Council created General Improvement Area; blocked streets to thru traffic and offered 50% grants for home improvement. Gentrification. 1960s high rise council housing e,g, St Matthews. High unemployment and low skills. 2nd lowest income in 1996 (£8.7k) and 20% illness due to stress. Incorporation of former villages e.g. Evington. Strong community, picturesque housing. 75% owner occupied. Saffron/Eyres Monsell the results of 1920s to 1950s inner city slum clearance. Relatively good housing conditions in edge of city council housing. Poor education and skills. Vandalism, truancy, graffiti, single parent families pose great challenges. Industry and commerce Low Quality of Life Medium Quality of Life High Quality of Life Stoneygate, Knighton suburbanised in late 19C and early 20C due to improved public transport and movement of affluent people.

  8. Quality of Life in Mexico City • Research • Geofile 306 • Colour map Fig. 3 • How can such a monster be managed? • OCR Mexico case study • Homework – Internet, books etc • DMI – Mexico City location animation Shanty Town animation • Six teams;

  9. Map the Quality of Life across Mexico City with specific reference to; • Team research; • A – Population, recent and future growth - Ryan • B – Housing - George • C – Industry - Kate • D – Facilities (utilities) - Ashley • E – Transport - MAE • F – Environmental issues – SSS •  BUILD MAP ON THE BOARD

  10. Mapping QoL Mexico City • Describe Quality of Life • How • Spatial • Solutions • (Mexico City animation)

  11. Mapping QoL Mexico City

  12. Landsat 7, false colour image. Mexico City

  13. Larry Ford, 1990, Latin America

  14. L Mexico City Naucalpan Ecatepec Satelite Low Medium Industry Commerce Polanco Aeropuerto Chapultepec Insurgentes Neza Napoles Chalco University High Ecatzingo

  15. Mexico City - Review Zocalo QOL – Medium Why? – High pop’n Density, good employment Satelite QOL – Medium Why? – Good services, Transport, housing Ecatapec QOL – Low Why? – Industrial sector Napoles QOL – Medium Why? – Green parks, Commerce and transport Neza QOL – Low Why? – Peripheria, low Status, no services or transport ? QOL – High Why? – Academia and Green parks Chalco QOL – V Low Why? – Shanty, no services and high population pressures CIUDADES PERDIDOS

  16. Rapid Urbanisation LEDC • H/work – SLIDES? • Problems of rapid urbanisation in LEDCs • Primate City • Infrastructure • Quality of life • Agricultural decline • Increased urbanisation

  17. Rapid Urbanisation LEDC • Problems of rapid urbanisation • Economy • Economic activity • Quality of life (shanty town animation) • Water • Waste • Pollution • Planning • Video – Brazil Bitesize Rocinha, Rio, Brazil

  18. Rapid Urbanisation LEDC • Problems - Solutions • Team research; • A – Population, recent and future growth - Ryan • B – Housing - George • C – Industry - Kate • D – Facilities (utilities) - Ashley • E – Transport - MAE • F – Environmental issues – SSS •  BUILD TABLE ON THE BOARD

  19. Rapid Urbanisation LEDC Return www.habitat.org

  20. Mexico City Clare, Jon, George • Housing • Western districts are the homes of the upper and middle classes. Land with services in the west and south available for wealthier families. Wealthiest areas are west and southwest e.g. Jardines de San Angel, Las Lomas de Chapultepe, they have large mansions and estancia style homes • The INFONAVIT housing agency was set up to build houses. State housing programmes are now self-help schemes on the fringes of the city. Many low income districts are to the east on unserviced land e.g. Aeropuerto and Ramos • New houses for middle and upper classes are Naucalpan (NW), Polanco and Napoles • Migrants establish themselves in Colonias, low quality housing, on the fringes of the city

  21. Mexico City • Population • During the 20th Century Mexico’s population and urban growth increased rapidly • The population was 13 million by the year 1900. For a lot of the 20th Century the population increased 2% (a year) this resulted in the population being 81 million people by the year 1990 and 97 million by 1997 • Mexico City is one of the largest and fastest growing cities in the world in terms of size and population growth. By the year 2000 the urban total population could reach 26 million growing by 67% between 1970 and 1980. A further 13% between 1980 and 1994

  22. Mexico City • It is estimated that Mexico city has 2.7 million cars on its poor and out of date roads • The government have banned people driving on some days of the week to try and cut air pollution.

  23. Environmental Waste is dumped in open sites, where the wind blows it onto the city In January 1996 ozone levels past the danger point Increasing pollution from cars is causing dry season periods to rise 12 000 tonnes of gases produced per day Open spaces are only found in the rich zones of the city The ozone levels are only acceptable 20 days of the year

  24. Geography AS Managing Change in Human Environments Sustainability

  25. Urban Futures • What will the future hold for urban areas? • New Town policy in UK • Changing Environments pp 228-232 • U17 – Purpose of New Towns • Video 219 - Stevenage

  26. Urban Futures • New Towns • Urban sprawl and post-war regeneration • New Towns Act 1946 • Optimum 30-50k • Best Town Planning Practice • Self contained but influenced by Parent City • Most property should be non-profit making organisation • Social balance (demographics, socio-economic)

  27. New Towns • 1947 to 1950 • London • Crawley, Hemel Hempstead, Stevenage • 1961 to 1970 • Northampton, Peterborough • Milton Keynes (153k), Telford • Total – 32 New Towns • 2m ppl, 0.5m houses, 50k employers, 1m employees • Investment, leisure, recycling, quality of life • Drawbacks • Greenbelt land; NIMBY; character; community; commuter towns (not self contained); remaining underclass in inner city

  28. Re-imaging Cities • 1990s re-imaged cities • E.g. Birmingham • Rebuilding, redevelopment, investment, housing, commerce, conventions • World City • Global New Towns • Politics, technology, population pressures, reclaimed land

  29. Where is this?

  30. Urban Futures • Activity - http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Housing/displayarticle.asp?ID=6387 • Notes • What solutions have been found through history to generate and regenerate successful urban environments? • What were the main aims of New towns? • What are the lessons learned from New Towns? • What are the pros and cons of city re-imaging? • Why was New Town policy finally axed?

  31. Sustainable urban environments • Can urban environments be made sustainable? • Changing Environments pp 232-239 • U20 – Sustainable Cities in the 21st Century • Homework - Find and describe good examples of local Sustainability policy

  32. Sustainable urban environments • Rio (92), Agenda 21 • Kyoto (97) • Socio-economic policy should not be at the expense of future citizens • Avoiding; • Decentralisation e.g. sprawl • Water e.g. Mexico City • Waste e.g. MEDC • Underclass • Pollution e.g. industrialising countries

  33. Sustainable urban environments • Existing cities; make sustainable • Future cities; design sustainability in • Sustainability Schemes;

  34. Sustainability • Compact Cities • Multifunctional urban villages • Brownfield sites, energy saving, less infrastructure • But – Urban density (squalor); business location; fuel conservation via vehicle design • Local Sustainability • Local Plan

  35. Curitiba's buses carry 50 times more passengers than they did 20 years ago, but people spend only about 10 percent of their yearly income on transport. As a result, despite the second highest per capita car ownership rate in Brazil (one car for every three people), Curitiba's gasoline use per capita is 30 percent below that of eight comparable Brazilian cities. Other results include negligible emissions levels, little congestion, and an extremely pleasant living environment... Sustainability • E.g. Curritiba, S E Brazil • 300k to 2.5m over 50 yrs • 17 parks and 1.5m trees • Wetland wildlife reserves • Affordable public transport • Pedestrianisation • Recycling waste (and incentive programmes) • Encourage new in-migrants to return home EcoCity http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/fellows/brazil1203/index.html

  36. Sustainability • E.g. Sustainability policies • Sprawl – Compaction, consolidation • Congestion – Quotas, HOV, park and ride, Pedestrianisation, tolls • Pollution – Policy, guidelines, ZEV • Water – Reduce waste and consumption • Waste – Re-use, recycle, prevention http://www.dismantle.org/cities.htm

  37. Sustainable urban environments • Activity • Why is sustainability important? • What are the five implications of the concept of sustainability? • What does Agenda 21 advocate for realistic sustainability? • Give an example of a city implementing sustainable policies

  38. OWBC Local Plan • Homework - LEDC Quality of Life AS Question (5b)

  39. What are the five implications of the concept of sustainability?

  40. Cities Activity • Look at the selection of maps from 29 cities worldwide • In small teams choose one or two cities • Complete the table of information as best you can • Team-mark answers from another group

  41. City name and country • Population estimate • Closest urban model • Main river (if applicable) • Main transport types • Development category • Any obvious urban issues Burgess, 1920 Ford 1990 Hoyt, 1930 Mann, 1960 Harris & Ullman, 1940

  42. City Population River Comment City Population River Comment Aberdeen 0.2m Dee/Don MEDC, Oil Hamburg 1.7m MEDC Adelaide 1m Murray MEDC, wine, tourism Houston 2m MEDC, oil Auckland 0.4m MEDC, tourism Istanbul 8.8m MEDC/LEDC, tourism Austin 0.7m MEDC, state cap Kuala Lumpur 1.3m MEDC/LEDC Bahrain 0.2m MEDC, oil Leeds 0.5m MEDC Bangkok 6.3m LEDC, tourism Leicester 0.3m Soar MEDC Barcelona 1.6m MEDC, tourism London 7m Thames MEDC, tourism Belfast 0.3m Lagan MEDC Mexico City 17.8m LEDC Cairo 6.8m Nile LEDC, tourism Northampton 0.2m MEDC Calgary 1m MEDC, oil Oxford 0.15m MEDC Dallas 1.2m MEDC Paris 9.6m Seine MEDC, tourism Dhaka 3.6m Jamuna LEDC Perth 1.2m Swan MEDC Dublin 0.5m Liffey MEDC Sydney 3.5m MEDC, tourism Faro 0.05m MEDC, transit Tehran 6.8m MEDC/LEDC

  43. Urban Models • Activity • Urban Model quiz • Run in MS Powerpoint 2003

  44. 1 Land use? Central Business District (CBD) 2 Land use? Wholesale and light industry Concentric Model Burgess, 1920s, USA Low class residential 3 Land use? 4 Land use? High class residential

  45. Central Business District (CBD) 1 Land use? 4 Land use? Wholesale, lightManufacturing Sector Model Hoyt, 1930s, USA 5 Land use? 2 Land use? Low class residential Medium class residential 6 Land use? High class residential 3 Land use? Heavy manufactu-ring

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