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Behavioral Change Strategies: Applying Brofenbrenner’s Model for Effective Policy Implementation

Explore the application of Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Model in policy change, focusing on microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem influences. Learn about downstream and upstream approaches, Planned Behavior Theory, and the importance of instrumental vs. emotional outcomes in behavior change. Discover the use of If-then plans, strategies like operant conditioning, and the translation of research into evidence-based policies. Embrace interdisciplinary approaches for successful behavioral change initiatives.

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Behavioral Change Strategies: Applying Brofenbrenner’s Model for Effective Policy Implementation

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  1. Behavior change and policy

  2. Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Model Macrosystem Exosystem Mesosystem Microsystem person

  3. Brofenbrenner’s Ecological Model • Microsystem: direct interaction with the person (family, classroom, work setting) • Mesosystem: interactions between two or more settings containing the person (home and work) • Exosystem: social settings influencing the person significantly (public school system; health care institutions; public welfare system) • Macrosystem: laws, policies, values in the culture.

  4. What impacts change? • Habit: • automatic • cued by the environment • Habits are mentally efficient so can be difficult to control • We are less likely to seek and assimilate new information

  5. Downstream or Upstream Approaches • Downstream – focuses on a change in the individual • Upstream – focuses on changing the environment

  6. Downstream Approaches • Consider individual attitudes, motivations, skills, and environmental situation. • Consider cognitive dissonance – ambivalence toward change, and dissonance between intentions and behavior

  7. Planned behavior theory • Behavior guided by salient or perceived beliefs: • Behavioral beliefs: beliefs about the likely consequences of behavior and how important those consequences are • Normative beliefs: beliefs about what others expect and importance of those expectations • Control beliefs: beliefs about what will help or hurt performance of the behavior and the importance of these factors

  8. Consider two dimensions for outcomes… Positive vs. Negative – which is more salient for the person? Reducing the negative consequences of a behavior or increasing the positive consequences? How might you determine this?

  9. Another dimension… • Instrumental outcomes vs. emotional outcomes : what are the material costs and benefits (instrumental) and what are the emotional costs and benefits? • If conflicting – emotional may be stronger

  10. From intention to action • Failure to get started – forget, miss opportune moments, initial reluctance/discomfort • Getting derailed – distractions, cravings, stress

  11. If-then plans • Specifies where, when and how the behavior change will happen • Helps because it prepares the person for the change (perceptually ready) • Rehearses the change (new habit!)

  12. Upstream Approaches • Change the environment to support the desired change in behavior!

  13. Strategies • Operant Conditioning: reinforce desired behavior; aversive consequences for negative behavior • Infrastructure changes • Education – public information • Legislation

  14. Translating research into policy • Evidence based behavioral change • Need both downstream and upstream strategies • Don’t over-rely on survey and focus group data • Take an interdisciplinary approach

  15. Change is possible… Specify target for change Identify behavioral, normative, control beliefs Identify positive/negative and instrumental/emotional components Recognize change can occur Have specific strategies for change Consider change in the person and in the environment (downstream + upstream)

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