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The Rise of Russia

The Rise of Russia. 21. Figure 21.1 Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682–1696. Ivan was actually sickly and ineffective and soon gave way to Peter the Great. But the portrait suggests the symbolism with which the tsars were invested. Chapter Overview.

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The Rise of Russia

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  1. The Rise of Russia 21

  2. Figure 21.1 Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682–1696. Ivan was actually sickly and ineffective and soon gave way to Peter the Great. But the portrait suggests the symbolism with which the tsars were invested.

  3. Chapter Overview • Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • Themes in Early Modern Russian History

  4. TIMELINE 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.

  5. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • 14th Century • Duchy of Moscow takes lead in expelling Mongols • Ivan III (the Great) • Orthodox Christianity • By 1480, independent state

  6. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • The Need for Revival • Mongols • Laissez-faire policy • Period of cultural and economic decline • Literacy decrease • Ivan III • Restoration of traditional rule • Role overseeing church • Russia as the "Third Rome"

  7. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • The Need for Revival • Ivan IV (The Terrible) • Attacks boyars (nobles)

  8. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • Patterns of Expansion • Expansion into central Asia • Into Siberia by 1500 • Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands • Land grants to nobles, bureaucrats • Trade with Asia increased • Islam tolerated

  9. Map 21.1 Russian Expansion Under the Early Tsars, 1462–1598From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded in three directions; the move into Siberia involved pioneering new settlements, as the government encouraged Russians to push eastward. Political controls extended gradually as well.

  10. Multinational Empires • Russia • Most successful multinational empire of its time • Tolerant of internal diversity • Benefitted from selective copying • Contemporaneous importance of nation-state • England and France move to standardize • Cohesion of politics and national culture

  11. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • Western Contact and Romanov Policy • Intentional turn to West • Ivan III • Embassies to Western states • Ivan IV • British begin trading • Italian artists • Work on churches, Kremlin

  12. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • Western Contact and Romanov Policy • Ivan IV dies without heir • Time of Troubles • Boyars attempt to take power • Sweden, Poland take territory • Boyars choose Michael Romanov as tsar

  13. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars • Western Contact and Romanov Policy • Michael Romanov • Restores order, expels invaders • Takes part of Ukraine • Border extended to Ottoman region • Alexis Romanov • Church purged of Mongol-era innovations • "Old Believers" exiled

  14. Figure 21.2 This icon, from the 15th century, depicts Mary and the Christ Child. The Russian icon tradition used styles derived from Byzantine art. By the 17th century, under Western influence, they had become more naturalistic.

  15. Map 21.2 Russia Under Peter the GreatFrom 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he radically changed the form of his government to pursue war. By the end, he had established his much-desired "Window on the West" on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.

  16. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great • Policies • Autocratic • Reforms by fiat • Secret police • Conflict with Ottomans • Baltic port achieved • Capital to St. Petersburg

  17. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • What Westernization Meant • Bureaucratic changes • Navy created • Council of nobles ended • Replaced by dependent advisors • Provincial governors under central control • Town councils under royal authority • Laws codified

  18. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • What Westernization Meant • Economy • Metallurgical, mining industries expanded • Pressure to use serfs in manufacturing • Culture • Nobles forced to shave beards • Western dress • Education improved in math • Only upper class affected

  19. Figure 21.3 This contemporary Russian cartoon lampoons Peter the Great's order to his nobility to cut off their beards.

  20. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • Consolidation under Catherine the Great • Peter, dies 1724 • Weak rulers follow • Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III • Pugachev peasant rebellion • Excuse to expand central power

  21. Figure 21.4 Catherine the Great in the costume of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, war, and the arts.

  22. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • Consolidation under Catherine the Great • Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III • Westernization • Absolutism • Nobles empowered over serfs • French Revolution causes reaction

  23. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790 • Consolidation under Catherine the Great • Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III • Expansion • Crimea taken from Turks • Siberia • Alaska claimed • Explorers into northern California • Partition of Poland

  24. Map 21.3 Russia's Holdings by 1800Expansion fluctuated from one decade to the next but persisted, bringing Russia into encounters with Europe, the Ottoman empire, and East Asia.

  25. Themes in Early ModernRussian History • Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses • Enserfment under Mongols • To placate nobles • Also to increase state control of peasantry • 1649, serfdom hereditary • Later laws decrease peasants' rights, mobility • Condition deteriorates in 18th century

  26. Visualizing the PastOppressed Peasants

  27. Themes in Early ModernRussian History • Estate Agriculture, Trade, and Dependence • 95 percent rural • Small merchant class • Limited by desire to maintain tradition, not motivated to improve

  28. Themes in Early ModernRussian History • Social Unrest • Call for reform by 1800 • Peasant unrest • Landlords blamed for difficulties • Pugachev rising, 1770s • Height of discontent

  29. Figure 21.5 The Cossack leader Emelian Pugachev attracted supporters by appealing to the popular belief that Peter III, Catherine's husband, was still alive. Claiming to be Peter III, he led a revolt in 1773–1774 that threatened Catherine's throne. When the revolt was defeated, Pugachev was brutally executed as an example to other potential revolutionaries.

  30. Themes in Early ModernRussian History • Russia and Eastern Europe • Variations • Balkans • Under Ottomans • Influenced by Enlightenment • Several states lose autonomy • Poland • In Catholic sphere • Weakness leads to Partition

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