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Enlightened Despotism

Enlightened Despotism. Consolidating Power Through War and Reform. IN THE WAKE OF ENLIGHTENMENT. Some ideas of French philosophes implemented Global Markets and dire need for tax reform Selected extension of education Religious toleration Widespread poverty. THE NEW WARFARE.

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Enlightened Despotism

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  1. Enlightened Despotism Consolidating Power Through War and Reform

  2. IN THE WAKE OF ENLIGHTENMENT • Some ideas of French philosophes implemented • Global Markets and dire need for tax reform • Selected extension of education • Religious toleration • Widespread poverty

  3. THE NEW WARFARE • Wars no longer fought over religion • Wars now fought for empires and markets. • Technology makes war: • more expensive • more technical • limited in scope • Militarism develops in Prussia

  4. THE BALANCE OF POWER • During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the balance of power principle had been worked for. • this would prevent creation of a single nation in Europe • many believed France or Spain might attempt to create such a nation • Alliances formed /switched in order to prevent any one European power from becoming too powerful. • This led to multiple European powers (Aust, Pruss, GB,  Fr) forming and changing alliances multiple times to prevent the hegemony of one nation or alliance.  • A number of wars resulted in this search for balance including the American Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

  5. WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION • Between 1740 and 1748, most of Europe fought over the right of Maria Theresa to rule the Habsburg territories. • A woman was ineligible to assume the Habsburg throne. • Allowed under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 • Prussia and France were challenging Habsburg dominance in Europe. • The war included all of the following conflicts: •  King George's War in North America • War of Jenkins' Ear in the Caribbean, Atlantic and Pacific • First Carnatic War in India • First and Second Silesian Wars

  6. ALLIANCES

  7. TREATY OF AIX-LA CHAPELLE • Great Britain and France proposed terms of the treaty • Austria: • ceded Silesia to Prussia • gave up some of its Italian lands to Spain • France: • left the Netherlands in exchange for lost colonies. • surrendered Madras to Britain • Commercial disputes between Britain and France over territories in the Americas, Africa and Asia were not settled.

  8. 1754-1763 - SEVEN YEARS WAR • AKA:  • French and Indian War (US) • War of the Conquest (French-speaking Canada • Seven Years War (English-speaking Canada) • Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia) • Third Carnatic War (India) • Third Silesian War (Prussia and Austria) • War caused by the antagonisms between: • Great Britain, France, and Spain over colonies and trade. • Prussia was competing with Austria for control of the HRE and its lands.  Impacted: Europe, North America, Central America, West African coast, India, and the Philippines

  9. Map of the Alliances of the Seven Years War

  10. RESULTS • EUROPE: • No changes • Status quo ante • FRANCE: • cedes New France (excl. Louisiana) to Great Britain • cedes Louisiana to Spain • recognizes British supremacy inBengal • SPAIN: • cedes Florida to Great Britain • GREAT BRITAIN: • returns Cuba and Philippine Islands to Spain

  11. 18th Century: • Polish-Lithuanian • Commonwealth weak • Divided up among: • Russia • Prussia • Habsburg Austria

  12. WARS CAUSE REFORM • Increased military power only achieved by: • modernizing armies • increasing naval power • Increasing economic strength • The need for increased funds led rulers to look for ways to improve the money making capabilities of their nations. • Rational analysis led many rulers to adopt reforms such as: • religious toleration • freedom of speech and the press • right to hold private property

  13. AUSTRIANREFORMS • “A properly constituted state must be exactly analogous to a machine…the ruler must be the foreman, the mainspring… which sets everything in motion.” • “A single mass of people all subject to impartial guidance”

  14. MARIA THERESA • Enacted financial reforms • Promoted commerce, and agriculture • Reorganized Austria‘s military • Medical reforms included mandatory inoculations • Education was mandatory from age 6 to 12 for all children • Refused to allow religious toleration

  15. EXPANDED ON MARIA THERESA’S REFORMS. • Law • abolished brutal punishments • complete equality of treatment for all offenders was enforced • ended censorship of the press and theatre. • full legal freedom to serfs • Religion • Limited role and power of RCC in his empire • Promoted religioustolerance • Education • compulsory elementary education(all M/F) • scholarships for talented poor student • Allowed schools for Jews and other religions • language of instruction was in German JOSEPH II

  16. PRUSSIANREFORMS • “I am the first servant of the state”

  17. Frederick II (Frederick The Great) • An absolute ruler • led with the philosophy that he was the "first servant of the state." • Ruled by following his beliefs of what was most beneficial for Prussia • Built Prussia into a strong state through expansion and reform. Domestic reforms modernized Prussia: • granted freedom of the press • enforced general education rules across Prussia • established universal religious toleration  • Protestants for govt positions • Jesuits as educators • Hugenots craftsmen • Jewish merchants and bankers • enforced a more rapid legal process • abolishing torture • limiting the death penalty • judges were formally educated • established the first German law code • built thousands of miles of roads

  18. RUSSIANREFORMS • “Philosophes write on paper, but I have to write on human skin, which is far more ticklish”.

  19. Catherine the Great • Admired Enlightenment ideals • Based legal reform on Montesquieu’sSpirit of the Laws • Granted limited religious toleration • Permitted limited social critiques • Expanded educational opportunities but with limited funding • Encouraged scholarship and science • Ruled as an autocrat • Retained serfdom • Restricted Jews living areas • Increasingly conservative over time • Crushed rebellions that she saw as threatening her rule

  20. FRENCHREFORMS • "Listen to the people, seek advice from your Council, but decide alone." 

  21. Louis XV: Louis the Well Beloved • Abolished hereditary control of public office • Attempted to tax the Nobility • Centralization of power & uniformity of law • Emphasized military strength • Promoted religious toleration • Attempted to strengthen state in order to make just and equitable • Fought many wars – weakened treasury • Increased distrust absolute monarch by population

  22. Changing Relationship Between Ruler and State Old Idea • Louis XIV “I am the state.” • The state and its citizens exist to serve the monarch. New Idea • Fredrick the Great: “the first servant of the state.” • The monarch exists to serve the state and citizens.

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