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Exploring Civilizations of the New World and the Age of Exploration

This article delves into the historical context, common characteristics, and significant events of civilizations in the Americas, including the Aztec and Inca Empires. It also explores the factors behind Europe's exploration of the New World and the impacts of the Columbian Exchange. The article covers topics such as colonization, labor systems, the slave trade, and the spread of disease. Additionally, it discusses the Ming Dynasty's exploration in the East and European contact with China and Japan.

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Exploring Civilizations of the New World and the Age of Exploration

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  1. Historical context: • 1453—Hundred Years’ War ends • 1512—Sistine Chapel is finished • 1517—Luther posts the 95 Theses HenricusMartellus (1490)

  2. Civilizations of Meso-America • Common Characteristics: • Lack of metallurgy (until late Mayan, Aztecs) • Agriculture • Diet—maize, beans, squash • Religion—jaguar spirit, polytheism, ritual ball game, human sacrifice • Architecture—pyramids • Trade—secondary activity • Lack “beasts of burden” • Climate—Tierra Templada, Caliente

  3. Olmec Mound- TresZapotes Olmec Head - Jalapa Museum

  4. Monte Alban

  5. Teotihuacan

  6. Teotihuacan

  7. Tikal

  8. Civilizations ofAndean South Americas • Common Characteristics: • Metallurgy • Beasts of burden—llama and alpaca • Polytheism—animal themes • No written language • Climate—Tierra Fria, Templada • Diet—potatoes, corn, beans, squash, quinoa • Vertical trade

  9. Chavin de Huantar

  10. Moche- “Lord of Sipan”

  11. Aztec Empire (c. 1429-1521) • Mexica • Texcoco • Chinampa • Political Organization • Tenochtitlan • Tributary empire • 489 subject territories • Social Organization • Calpulli • Culture and Religion • Huitzilopochtli  Human sacrifice • Quetzalcoatl

  12. Inca Empire (c. 1438-1533) • Political organization • Mit’a • “Sun Farms” • Bureaucracy • Quechua • Split Inheritance • Social • Ayllu • Gender Parallelism (rel, pol, soc.) • Culture and Religion • Inti • “Wives of the Sun” • Quipu

  13. Age of Exploration Why Europe? Why now? • “God, Gold, Glory” • Demand for Asian Goods (ie. spices) • Technology • Religion • Jesuits • Individuals • Henry the Navigator (1415) • Christopher Columbus (1492) • Vasco de Gama (1497)

  14. Who is Christopher Columbus? or Historical Revisionism—the reinterpretation of traditional views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event

  15. New World Exploration • 1492—Columbus • 1500—Cabral (Brazil) • 1499—Amerigo Vespucci • 1513—Balboa (Panama) • 1519—Magellan • Treaty of Tordessillas (1494)

  16. New World Conquest Hernando Cortes • European Advantages: • Indigenous divisions • Military technology • Disease • Hernando Cortez (1519) • Aztecs—Tenochtitlan (1521) • Francisco Pizarro (1532) • Inca—Cuzco (1533) Francisco Pizarro

  17. New World Colonization Compare and contrast motive, location, and Results (p.558-565) • Spain • New Spain • Portugal • Trading Post Empire, Sugarcane • France • Trade • Netherlands • Joint stock company— “Dutch East India Company” • England • Settler Colonies—Jamestown 1607

  18. New Spain • Labor Systems • Mit’a • Encomienda System • Bartoleme de las Casas • Chattel Slavery • Social Structure— “castas” • Peninsulares • Creoles • Mestizo • Mulatto • Indians/Slaves

  19. Slave Trade • Mercantilism • “Balance of trade” • Triangular Trade • Middle Passage • Cash crop • Sugarcane • African Diaspora • Slave Kingdoms • Ashante • Dahome • Kongo

  20. Slave Trade Slave Trade Time Lapse Atlantic Slave Trade Maps 1500-1900

  21. Columbian Exchange Manioc What were the results of the Columbian Exchange? • Spread of Disease • Small pox, syphillis • People • Exchange of Crops • Cash Crops • tobacco, sugar cane • Foods • Potatoes, Maize, Manioc (tapioca, cassava) • African crops—okra, rice • Domesticated animals • Pigs, cattle, horses • Ideas • Agricultural techniques—often led to deforestation and soil depletion • Religion– including syncretism (voodoo “vodun”, cults of saints)

  22. Columbian Exchange

  23. “This boundary or line shall be three hundred and seventy leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands…all lands, both islands and mainlands, found and discovered hereafter, by the said King of Portugal…in either north or south latitude, on the eastern side of the said bound…shall belong to and remain in the possession of…the said King of Portugal…And all other lands…found or to be found hereafter…on the western side of the said bound…in either its north or south latitude, shall belong to…said King and Queen of Castile, Leon, etc. and to their successors.” --Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

  24. The 1492 landing of Christopher Columbus in the West Indies, engraving c. 1592 by Theodore de Bry, included in The History of America, published in Frankfurt, 1602

  25. Zheng He

  26. Exploration in the East: China Kowtow Ming Dynasty (r. 1368-1644) • Emperor Yongle • Forbidden City • ZhengHe (1405) • Isolation (1433) • Causes/Results European Contact (1517) • Matteo Ricci—Jesuits • European Trade (Guangzhou, Macao) Qing Dynasty (r.1644-1911) • Dutch Trade—Kowtow • Joint Stock Company • Dutch East India Company Emperor Yongle Matteo Ricci

  27. Japan • Physical Geography • Archipelago • Chinese influence • Migration 200-500CE • Alphabet, agriculture, etc. • Shinto • Kami • Animism • Today—Buddhist blend

  28. Japanese History • Nobility • Yamato Clan (3rd Cent.) • Feudalism (11th Cent.) • Samurai • Bushido • Daimyo • Shogunate—Shogun • Kamakura Shogunate (1192) • Tokugawa Shogunate (1600) • Centralization—Edo (Tokyo) • 1543—Europeans Arrive Edo (Tokyo)

  29. Exploration in the East: Japan Francis Xavier • European Contact (1543) • 1549—Francis Xavier • Isolation • Religious persecution (1597) • “Closed country policy” (1639) Dashima Island

  30. What is Columbus’ Legacy? Positive Negative Columbian Exchange

  31. Exploration: DQ’s • Analyze of the age of discovery and expansion including causes, impact, and the role of explorers and conquistadors. • Compare the societies of Central and South America (ie. Olmecs, Maya, Aztecs, and Inca) including their development, government, economy, religion, and art. • Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact.

  32. New World Colonization Compare and contrast motive, location, and results: (p.558-565) Spain- Portugal- France- Netherlands- England-

  33. Matteo Ricci Journal What can we learn about China from Ricci’s observations? Do you think his account is accurate?

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