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Waves Notes

Vocabulary. Waves Notes. Ch. 10 P. 290 (1-4) P. 296 (1-7) P. 303 (1-5) Ch. 11 P. 327 (1-6) Ch. 12 P. 354 (1-3) P. 360 (1-7 ) Ch. 13 P. 384 (1-5). LINEAR MOTION = motion from one point to another without repeating. Distance Time Speed Acceleration.

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Waves Notes

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  1. Vocabulary Waves Notes Ch. 10 P. 290 (1-4) P. 296 (1-7) P. 303 (1-5) Ch. 11 P. 327 (1-6) Ch. 12 P. 354 (1-3)P. 360 (1-7) Ch. 13 P. 384 (1-5)

  2. LINEAR MOTION= motion from one point to another without repeating. Distance Time Speed Acceleration HARMONIC MOTION= motion that repeats over and over. Waves Notes

  3. HARMONIC MOTION • Cycle (cyclic motion) = a unit of motion that repeats. • Oscillator (oscillating system) = a system that shows harmonic motion. • clocks • solar system • Seasons • music & musical instruments • cell phones • fm radio • Period = time it takes for one cycle to occur.

  4. Frequency = the number of cycles per second. unit = Hertz (Hz) 1 Hertz = 1 cycle/second ex: human heartbeat = ½ to 2 beats per second ex: human voice = 100 to 2000 cycles per second

  5. Amplitude • a measure of how large the cycle is. • This is the energy of a wave. ex: waves = height of the wave sound = volume

  6. WAVESTransfer energy from place to place without transferring matter • a disturbance in a medium. • medium = matter that are able to carry a wave. • ex: air carries sound waves • water carries waves

  7. QUESTION: Can sound travel in space, in other words, could you hear in outer space? ANSWER: NO! Sound requires a medium to carry its energy. Since matter does not exist in space the sound energy would have nothing to travel on.

  8. Transverse Waves • = oscillations that are perpendicular (90º) to the direction the waves is moving. • oscillation^ wave motion > ex: water, light, S-waves in an earthquake

  9. Longitudinal (compression) Waves • = oscillations that are in the same directions as the motion of the waves. • oscillation> wave motion > • ex: sound, shock waves, P-waves -- earthquake

  10. NOTE CHECK TAKE 2 MINUTES: With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both filled in all blanks

  11. PROPERTIES OF WAVES

  12. WAVE TERMS • Frequency (f) = waves per second (measured in Hertz) • known as Pitch in sound & music • Amplitude = the height of the waves, the energy of the wave. • Measured from the resting position to the crest. • Wavelength (λ) = the length of one cycle. Distance from a point on a wave to the identical point on the next wave.

  13. Which of the graphs has an amplitude of 10 centimeters?

  14. 5 Name five parts of a wave: 1. __________________________________ 2. __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ 5. __________________________________ 3 Compare and contrast the 2 types of waves: 1. Both = _______________________________ Matter = ______________________________ 3. Matter = ______________________________ 1 A wave is = 1. _____________________________________

  15. WAVE SPEED • Speed = the velocity the wave is traveling. • velocity = wavelength x frequency • v = λ x f • units f = Hertz (Hz) λ = meters (m) v = meters/second (m/s) Ex: An ocean wave has a frequency of 2 Hz and a speed of 20 m/sec. What is the wavelength of this wave? λ = v/f λ = 20 m/s ÷ 2 Hz = 10 m

  16. Examples of the Speed of Waves • Speed of Light 300,000,000 m/s 300,000 km/s 186,000 miles/s

  17. NOTE CHECK TAKE 2 MINUTES: With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both filled in all blanks

  18. Speed of Sound Approx 340 m/s Approx 770 miles/hr This will vary a great deal due to temperature and atmospheric pressure Calculate the Speed of Sound Examples of the Speed of Waves

  19. WAVES INTERACTIONSwhat results from waves hitting objects • Reflection = The wave can bounce off and go in a new direction. • Angle of Incidence = inbound angle • Angle of Reflection = outbound angle • measured from the perpendicular and both angles are EQUAL

  20. Which is the angle of incidence?Which is the angle of reflection?

  21. Refraction = The wave can pass straight into and through the obstacle and are bent due to the change in density of the medium.

  22. Diffraction = The wave can bend around or through holes in the obstacle.

  23. Absorption = The wave can be absorbed and disappear.

  24. NOTE CHECK TAKE 2 MINUTES: With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both filled in all blanks

  25. WAVE INTERFERENCE • when 2 or more waves meet. • Constructive Interference = When waves meet “in phase” trough to trough or crest to crest. The resulting waves become larger. • ex: Sound = resonance Resonating Chambers =sinuses, guitar, musical instruments Wind Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsein the 1940s

  26. Tacoma Narrows Bridge

  27. “in phase”

  28. WAVE INTERFERENCE • Destructive Interference = When waves meet “out of phase” crest to trough. The resulting waves become smaller or even cancel each other. • ex: Dissonance = sound waves meet out of phase and noise results.

  29. “out of phase”

  30. THE DOPPLER EFFECT • radar speed detectors • metrology to detect wind speeds & on coming weather fronts • very noticeable in auto racing • Approaching Object = sound wave are compressed due to the speed of the approaching object thus increasing the frequency or pitch of the sound of the object. • Departing Object = sound waves are stretched because the object is moving away from the listener thus decreasing the frequency or pitch of the sound of the object.

  31. NOTE CHECK TAKE 2 MINUTES: With a partner, check each other’s notes to be sure both filled in all blanks

  32. THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM • Electrons = the negatively charged particle in the atom is involved in light. • Electrons can absorb energy by various ways causing them to jump to a higher energy level(s). • Then they give off energy in the form of light when they move from the higher to lower energy level(s).

  33. Parts of the electromagnetic spectrum • Radio waves Longest Wavelength Lowest Frequency • Microwaves • Infrared • Visible Light • ROY G BIV • Ultraviolet • X-rays • Gamma rays Short Wavelength Highest Frequency

  34. Radiowaves(1 km to 30 cm) ex: AM & FM radio, TV signals Microwaves (30 cm to 1 mm) ex: microwave ovens, cellular communication Infrared(1 mm to 70 nm) ex: heat, sensors, guidance systems Visible Light (70 nm - 400 nm) ex: ROY G BIV Ultraviolet ex: sunburns, harmful to eyes, disinfect by killing bacteria X-Rays ex: medical & dental uses, inspect metal welding Gamma Rays ex: originate from the sun, atomic radiation THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

  35. ROY G BIV • Red Longest wavelength Lowest frequency • Orange • Yellow • Green • Blue • Indigo • Violet Shortest wavelength Highest frequency

  36. Visible Light • Optics = the study of light • Lasers = a single frequency of light

  37. Primary Colors of Light the color of transmitted light you see. The light source Red Green Blue Red + Green + Blue = White COLOR

  38. Primary Colors of Pigment A pigment is a colored material that is used to change the color of other substances. Reflected light color Magenta Yellow Cyan Magenta + Yellow + Cyan = Black COLOR

  39. Computer Settings • pixel= dot = 3 numbers to assign the color (0-256) • Red, Green, Blue = RGB • ex: (0, 0, 0) = black • 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,777,216 *possible different colors

  40. The Eye • Lens = Tiny muscles around the eye change the shape of the eye to focus the image when light passes through. • Iris = The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye. • Retina = A membrane lining the inside of the back of the eye composed of light sensitive receptors that are stimulated by the different wavelengths of light that makeup the image.

  41. The Retina • Rods = Rod-shaped receptors involved in night vision, peripheral vision (corners of the eyes) and making out the outline of objects. • Cones = Cone-shaped receptors that contain color-sensitive pigments to detect red, blue, green and all their combinations.

  42. Optical Illusion • seen images that “trick” the brain into observing something that is not real. Mirage • A false image in the distance produced by the refraction of light through air layers of different densities. • Ex. The appearance of water in the distance

  43. Mirage

  44. SOUND • a pattern of air oscillations consisting of areas of high pressure to low pressure. Sound consists of longitudinal (compression) wave thus it is impossible for sound to travel in space. • Acoustics= the science or study of sound • Amplitude = Loudness or Volume measured in Decibels (dB)

  45. Decibels (dB) • 10 – 15 dB whisper (3 ft away) • 65 dBnormal conversation(3 ft away) • 70 dB city traffic • 90 dB jackhammer (10 ft away) • 120 dB threshold of physical pain • 90 dB is 2x louder than 70 dB

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