Mental Health

1. 21 Mental Health

2. Learning Outcomes • Define mental health. • Describe mental illness and list six possible contributing factors. • Identify some general symptoms (according to age group) that can suggest a mental disorder. • Explain how the diagnosis of mental illness can be obtained and three basic forms of treatment that can be employed.

3. Learning Outcomes • Describe three basic forms of treatment that can be employed. • Analyze, build, spell, and pronounce medical words. • Comprehend the drugs highlighted in this chapter. • Identify and define selected abbreviations.

4. Multimedia Directory Slide 48 Attention Deficit Disorder Video Slide 49 Autism Video Slide 50 Bipolar Disorder Video Slide 53 Dissociative Disorders Video 1 Slide 54 Dissociative Disorders Video 2 Slide 55 Dissociative Disorders Video 3 Slide 63 Eating Disorder Video Slide 66 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Video Slide 67 Panic Attacks Video Slide 71 Schizophrenia Video

5. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • World Health Organization (WHO) definitions • Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. • Mental health: a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.

6. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • Mental illness: • An abnormal condition of the brain or mind. • Affects the way a person thinks, feels, behaves, and relates to others and to his or her surroundings. • In most cases, the exact cause of mental illness is not known.

7. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • Possible contributing factors include: • Genetics. • Environment. • Chemical changes occurring in the brain. • Use of certain drugs. • Psychological, social, and cultural conditions.

8. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • Most mental health disorders are caused by a combination of factors, such as: • Biologic. • Psychologic. • Environmental. • Social.

9. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • These disorders can: • be severe. • seriously interfere with a person’s life. • even cause a person to become disabled.

10. Figure 21.1 Multicausational concept of the illness process. The phrase meaning and symbol refers to the fact that a patient interprets all experiences in a highly individual manner according to his or her specific meaning and the broader meaning in the patient’s culture.

11. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • The more common types of mental illnesses include: • Mood disorders (depression and bipolar disorder). • Anxiety disorders. • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). • Eating disorders.

12. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • The more common types of mental illnesses include: • Schizophrenia. • Impulse control and addiction disorders. • Personality disorders.

13. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • Less common types of mental illnesses include: • Adjustment disorder. • Dissociative disorders. • Factitious disorders. • Sexual and gender disorders. • Somatoform disorders. • Tic disorders.

14. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • Can be classified as mental illnesses because they involve the brain: • Various sleep-related problems. • Some forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.

15. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • During a given year: • 44 million adults and about 20% of American children suffer from a mental disorder. • About 5 million American adults and more than 5 million children and adolescents suffer from a serious mental condition.

16. Overview of Mental Health and Mental Illness • Among the top ten leading causes of disability in the United States • Major depression. • Bipolar disorder. • Schizophrenia.

17. Symptoms of a Mental Disorder • Symptoms in an adult: • Confused thinking. • Long-lasting sadness or irritability. • Extreme highs and lows in mood. • Excessive fear, worry, or anxiety. • Social withdrawal. • Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping patterns. • Strong feelings of anger. • Delusion or hallucinations.

18. Symptoms of a Mental Disorder • Symptoms in an adult: • Increasing inability to cope with daily problems and activities. • Thoughts of suicide. • Denial of obvious problems. • Many unexplained physical problems. • Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol.

19. Symptoms of a Mental Disorder • Symptoms in an adolescent: • Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol. • Inability to cope with daily problems and activities. • Changes in eating or sleeping patterns. • Excessive complaints of physical problems. • Defying authority, skipping school, stealing, or damaging property.

20. Symptoms of a Mental Disorder • Symptoms in an adolescent: • Intense fear of gaining weight. • Long-lasting negative mood. • Thoughts of death. • Frequent outbursts of anger.

21. Symptoms of a Mental Disorder • Symptoms in younger children: • Changes in school performance. • Poor grades despite strong efforts. • Excessive worry or anxiety. • Hyperactivity. • Persistent nightmares. • Continual disobedience and/or aggressive behavior. • Frequent temper tantrums.

22. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR): • The standard manual used for diagnosis of recognized mental illness in the United States. • Compiled by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and identifies categories of adult mental illness.

23. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR): • Used by psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and other health care providers to understand and diagnose mental health disorders.

24. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR): • Also used by insurance companies and health care providers to classify and code mental health disorders for reimbursement of services rendered.

25. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Psychiatrist • A medical doctor (MD) with specialized training in psychotherapy and drug therapy. • Can further specialize in treatment of children or in the legal aspects of psychiatry. • Psychoanalysts • Psychiatrists with specialized training in psychoanalysis, a method of obtaining a detailed account of past and present mental and emotional experiences and repressions.

26. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Psychologist • A person who is not a medical doctor but has a master’s degree or doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree in a specific field of psychology, such as clinical, experimental, or social.

27. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Clinical Psychologists • Patient-oriented and can use various methods of psychotherapy to treat patients. • Cannot prescribe medications or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). • Trained in the use of tests to evaluate a patient’s mental health and intelligence.

28. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Clinical psychologists use the following tests: • Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests • Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) • Rorschach Inkblot Test • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Pictures are used as stimuli for the patient to create stories.

29. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Clinical psychologists also use the following test: • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) • Consists of true-false questions that can reveal aspects of personality, such as dominance, sense of duty or responsibility, and ability to relate to others. • Used as an objective measure of psychological disorders in adolescents and adults.

30. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • Psychiatrists and psychologists also use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a mental illness. • The therapist bases the diagnosis on the person’s report of symptoms, including any social or functional problems caused by the symptoms.

31. Diagnosis of Mental Illness • The therapist then determines whether the person’s symptoms and degree of disability indicate a diagnosis of a specific disorder.

32. Treatments for Mental Illness • Drug Therapy • Mental disorders • Antianxiety agents • Antidepressant agents • Antimanic agents • Antipsychotic agents • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • Stimulants

33. Treatments for Mental Illness • Psychotherapy • Treatment uses psychological techniques instead of physical methods. • Involves talking, interpreting, listening, rewarding, and role-playing. • Should be performed by a trained mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, social worker, or counselor.

34. Treatments for Mental Illness • Types of psychotherapy include: • Cognitive-behavioral therapy • Family therapy • Group therapy • Play therapy • Art therapy • Hypnosis • Psychoanalysis

35. Treatments for Mental Illness • Types of psychotherapy include: • Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) • Helps people change thinking patterns that keep them from overcoming their fears. • Seeks to change people’s reaction to anxiety-provoking situations. • Is an effective form of psychotherapy for several anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder and social phobia.

36. Treatments for Mental Illness • Types of psychotherapy include: • Family therapy • Involves an entire family and focuses on resolving and understanding conflicts and problems as a family situation, not just as an individual member’s problem. • Group therapy • Involves small groups of people with similar problems attending meetings together.

37. Treatments for Mental Illness • Types of psychotherapy include: • Play therapy • Involves a child using toys to express thoughts, feelings, fantasies, and conflicts.

38. Figure 21.2 Psychologist using play therapy to help Cassandra reenact her car crash. This helps her gain control over the event so that it is not so frightening.

39. Treatments for Mental Illness • Types of psychotherapy include: • Art therapy • Can be used to encourage a child to portray his or her feelings in drawings. • Hypnosis • A state of altered consciousness, usually artificially induced, that lessens the mind’s unconscious defenses and allows some patients to be able to recall and even re-experience important childhood events that have long been forgotten or repressed.

40. Treatments for Mental Illness • Types of psychotherapy include: • Psychoanalysis • Attempts to reveal and resolve the unconscious conflicts that are considered to be at the root of some mental illnesses. • It is believed that these conflicts have been repressed since childhood and after being brought to the conscious level can be resolved.

41. Treatments for Mental Illness • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • Use of an electric shock to produce convulsions. • Useful for individuals whose depression is severe or life threatening, particularly for those who cannot take antidepressant medication. • In recent years, ECT has been much improved.

42. Treatments for Mental Illness • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) • A muscle relaxant is given to the patient before the treatment, which is performed under brief anesthesia. • Electrodes are placed at precise locations on the head to deliver electrical impulses. • The stimulation causes a 30-second seizure within the brain.

43. Treatments for Mental Illness • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) • The person receiving ECT does not consciously experience the electrical stimulus. • For full therapeutic benefit, three ECT sessions are typically given per week.

44. Audio Pronunciations • Affect • Affective disorder • Agoraphobia • Anorexia nervosa • Anxiety • Anxiety disorders

45. Figure 21.3 Emaciated young woman with anorexia nervosa. (Source: Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.)

46. Figure 21.4 Physiologic responses in anxiety disorders.

47. Audio Pronunciations • Apathy • Apperception • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder • Autism • Bipolar disorder aut = self -ism = condition

48. Attention Deficit Disorder Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of attention deficit disorder. Back to Directory

49. Autism Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of autism. Back to Directory

50. Bipolar Disorder Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of bipolar disorder. Back to Directory