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The Movement Begins

The Movement Begins. 1954-1957. I. Why CRM was needed. Minorities were being denied rights Voting (literacy tests/poll taxes/registration) De Facto/De Jure segregation (lawful/traditional) Legal rights Focus was in the South, but discrimination and denial of rights were happening everywhere

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The Movement Begins

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  1. The Movement Begins 1954-1957

  2. I. Why CRM was needed • Minorities were being denied rights • Voting (literacy tests/poll taxes/registration) • De Facto/De Jure segregation (lawful/traditional) • Legal rights • Focus was in the South, but discrimination and denial of rights were happening everywhere • Included all minorities (Hispanic, Asian, Native American) but led mostly by African American leaders. • Cold War played a part  U.S. an example for world to follow?

  3. II. Origins • A. 14th Amendment (1868): Equal protection • B. Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896): separate but equal • C. Court Challenges Begin • 1. NAACP

  4. D. New Political Power • 1. Great Migration • 2. Voted Democrat • E. Push for Desegregation • 1. CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) • 2. Sit-ins

  5. III. Civil Rights Movement Begins • A. Brown vs. Board of Education (1954) • 1. Thurgood Marshall, lawyer • 2. Topeka, Kansas, Public Schools • 3. Segregation in pub schools unconstitutional • B. Southern Manifesto • 1. Opposition to integration • 2. 101 Southern members of Congress • 3. Encouraged southerners to defy • decision in Brown v. Board

  6. C. Montgomery Bus Boycott (Dec. ’55-Dec. 56) • 1. Rosa Parks • 2. Martin Luther King: made leader of • Montgomery Improvement Assoc. • 3. Non-violent civil disobedience • 4. Boycott lasted over a year (381 days) • a. Ended with Parks decision

  7. IV. Eisenhower and Civil Rights • A. Mixed Feelings • 1. Anti-Segregation, but didn’t want to force • B. Crisis in Little Rock (1957) • 1. Central High: admit 9 black students • 2. National Guard • a. called by governor • to prevent students • from entering • 3. U.S. Army called in to • uphold desegregation

  8. Challenging Segregation 1960-1966

  9. I. Sit-in Movement • A. Started in Greensboro, N.C. • 1. 4 students at Woolworth’s lunch counter • 2. Refused service, wouldn’t leave • 3. Movement grew across country • 4. non-violent, even when attacked • 5. Leads to SNCC

  10. II. Freedom Riders (May ’61) • A. Protest interstate bus segregation • B. Birmingham, Ala. • 1. Mob beats Freedom Riders • 2. No police at bus station • 3. Bull Connor: I gave cops day off for • Mother’s Day. • a. Really asked KKK to • beat them

  11. III. JFK and Civil Rights • A. Black vote crucial to his election • 1. Backed off support though • a. Needed Southern Senators support • 2. 40 AAs to high-ranking gov’t jobs • 3. CEEO: no discrimination in hiring or • promoting people for Fed jobs.

  12. B. James Meredith • 1. Transferred to U. of Mississippi (‘62) • 2. Angry mobs started riot • 3. JFK has to send in troops • 4. Meredith attended with Fed bodyguards

  13. C. Violence in Birmingham (spring ’63) • 1. MLK led demonstrations: try to • force JFK to take stand • 2. “Letter From a Birmingham Jail” • 3. Bull Connor ordered police beatings • a. televised • 4. JFK orders prepping of new Civil Rights bill

  14. IV. Announcing CRA of 1964 • A. JFK needed something to happen • B. George Wallace: Alabama governor • 1. blocked admissions office at ‘Bama • (6/11/1963) • C. Medgar Evers: activist murdered next day • D. Kennedy announces Civil Rights Act • E. March on Washington (Aug. 28, 1963) • 1. 200,000 demonstrators • 2. “I have a dream” Evers

  15. F. CRA ‘64 becomes law • 1. Outlawed discrimination • 2. Equal Opportunity Employment

  16. V. Struggle for Voting Rights • A. Selma march • 1. Black majority/only 3% registered • 2. “March for Freedom” • a. Selma to Montgomery • 3. police beat praying demonstrators

  17. B. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • 1. Federal officials register votes • 2. No literacy tests

  18. New Issues: Social/Econ 1965-1969 Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. -- Malcolm X

  19. Achievements by ’65 in civil rights • Segregation now ruled illegal in most areas of public life. • Voting rights for AA’s strengthened. No more poll taxes, literacy tests, etc.

  20. I. Challenges Remain • A. Racism alive and well • 1. Housing/job problems • 2. ½ all blacks in poverty • 3. Inner cities: crime/juv deliquency rise

  21. II. Black Power Movement • A. AAs should control social, political & • economic direction of the struggle • 1. Pride in being black; reject white society • 2. racial distinctiveness • 3. Very popular in inner-city • a. MLK/whites not helping • 4. Violence in self-defense • 5. MLK did not approve

  22. B. Malcolm X and Nation of Islam • 1. Anti-white • 2. “X” stood for slave family • 3. Black Muslims not “true” Muslims. • a. preached black nationalism • 4. Separate from white society • 5. black community self-sufficient • 6. 1964: Malcolm leaves Nation of Islam • a. Feb. ’65: killed by Black Muslims

  23. C. Black Panthers • 1. Militant organization formed in Oakland, Calif. • 2. Revolution is necessary • 3. Arm blacks and force whites to give rights • 4. “Ten-Point Program” • a. black empowerment, end racial oppression, • control services in black community.

  24. III. MLK Assassination • A. Memphis, Tennessee, April 1968 • 1. King there to support sanitation strike • 2. Launching campaign to get billions of • gov’t dollars to help end poverty • 3. Shot on his hotel balcony • a. James Earl Ray • 4. Death left movement with lack • of unity and vision.

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