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Understanding Network Addressing: TCP/IP Properties, Ports, and Protocols

Learn about network addressing, including IP and MAC addresses, static and dynamic addresses, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and subnet masking. Understand TCP/IP properties, common TCP and UDP ports, and protocols.

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Understanding Network Addressing: TCP/IP Properties, Ports, and Protocols

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  1. Network Addressing

  2. Objectives • Exam Objective: Explain the properties and characteristics of TCP/IP • Exam Objective: Explain common TCP and UDP ports, protocols, and their purpose

  3. What is a computer network address?Pm video 5:33 • A network address serves as a unique identifier for a computer on a network • When set up correctly, computers can determine the address of other computers on the network and use these to send messages to each other • One of the best known forms of network addressing is the IP address • Another form of addressing is the MAC address

  4. MAC Address vs IP Address • A MAC address is embedded at the factory and is used to uniquely identify a network adapter • MAC addresses are required for networking to work • Many network adapters allow you to override the MAC address, but even so it stillidentifies your computer on the local network • A MAC address is kind of like the color, size and shape of your physical mail box • IP addresses are assigned manually or by software and are used to uniquely identify a network device on a network • IP addresses are also required for networking to work • The network has to know what computer to send data to • An IP Address is kind of like your postal address

  5. IP Address MAC Address

  6. Static Address vs Dynamic Address • A Static IP address is one that is manually and permanently assigned to a computer or device • A Dynamic IP address is assigned by a server each time a device (or client) connects to the network • A DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) server assigns addresses to a DHCP client that is requesting an address

  7. Ipv4 vs ipv6pm video 11:55 • An IP address can have 32 or 128 bits • Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) uses a 32-bit address to identify a network connection • IPv4 provides over 4 billion unique addresses, but there is now a shortage of IPv4 IP addresses • Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) was created partially due to the shortage of IPv4 addresses • IPv6 uses a 128-bit IP address, which provides 340 undecillion addresses

  8. 2001:0000:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC Ipv6 addresses • An IPv6 address has 128 bits written as 8 blocks of hexadecimal numbers separated by colons • Each block in an IPv6 address is 16 bits • Example: 2001 in hex is 0010 0000 0000 0001 in binary • Leading 0s in a 4-character hex block can be eliminated • Example: The IP address above can be simplified: • 2001:0000:B80:0000:0000:D3:9C5A:CC • If blocks contain all zeros, they can be written as double colons, but only one set of double colons can be used • Example: The IP address above can be further simplified: • 2001:0000:B80::D3:9C5A:CC

  9. IPv4 Addresses • An IPv4 address is represented as four decimal numbers separated by periods, such as 192.168.1.8 • An octet is each of the four decimal numbers and can be any number from 0 to 255 • The dotted decimal format was created only to make working with IP addresses easier • Routers for example don’t see IP addresses the same as we do • An IPv4 address is actually 32 bits long and is made up of 4 groups, which are each 8 bits long

  10. Binary to decimal & decimal to binary • Each number in the dotted decimal format (192.168.1.0) represents an 8 bit binary number (192 decimal is equal to 11000000 binary) and each 1 or 0 is a single bit • The largest possible 8-bit number is 11111111 binary which is equal to 255 decimal • The largest possible decimal IP address is 255.255.255.255 (known as a broadcast address) • 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 (binary)

  11. IPv4 Classes • IPv4 addresses are divided into 3 main classes • used to identify a specific network and a specific host • With class A addresses • the first octet identifies the network and the last three identify the host • With class B addresses • the first two octets identify the network and the last two identify the host • With class C addresses • the first three octets identify the network and the last octet can be used to identify the host

  12. Subnetspm video 9:10 • Large networks can be divided into smaller networks called subnetworks or subnets • Subnetting allows you to create multiple logical networks that exist within a single Class A, B, or C network • If you do not subnet, you are only able to use one network from your Class A, B, or C network, which is unrealistic and not very efficient • Consider a Class A Network - It is not practical to have 16 million nodes in the same domain

  13. Subnet Masks • The subnet mask identifies which part of an IP address is the network id and which is the host id • Subnet masks help a device know if an IP address is part of it’s network or belongs to another network • Open a command line window and type “ipconfig” without switches and press enter • This will display the IP address assigned to your computer • It will also show the subnet mask and default gateway

  14. Subnet Masks • Subnet masks can be viewed as a group of ones followed by a group of zeros • In a subnet mask if the bits are turned on (or are 1’s), the corresponding bit is used for the network • If the bits are turned off (or are 0’s) the bit is for the host Default subnet masks for classes of IP addresses

  15. Public Address vs Private Address • A public IP address is one that is available to the Internet and a private IP address is one that is used on a private network • You can use a router with NAT (Network Address Translation) redirection for Internet access • NAT is a protocol that substitutes the public IP address of the router for the private IP address of a computer that needs to communicate on the Internet

  16. Private IP Address Classes and Ranges

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