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Developing Objective Test Regime for Human-Machine Interfaces in Driving

Explore the need for a technology-independent test regime for HMI, challenges faced, HASTE project details, findings on visual and cognitive distractions, HMI impact on driving performance, draft test regime, indicators, and implications. Visit www.its.leeds.ac.uk/projects/haste for more info.

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Developing Objective Test Regime for Human-Machine Interfaces in Driving

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  1. ETSC Best in Europe Conference 2006 Changing Human Machine Interfaces Towards the development of a testing regime Samantha Jamson University of Leeds

  2. Current guidance on HMI • European Statement of Principles (1999, updated 2005) • System manufacturer guidelines “do not operate this system whilst driving” • Drivers’ common sense………… Need a test regime to provide objective guidance

  3. The challenge • To design a test regime that: • Is technology-independent, i.e. does not depend on a particular technology being employed in a system design • Uses safety-related criteria • Is cost effective and easy to use • Is appropriate for a wide range of HMI • Is validated through real-world testing

  4. A three year attempt….. • HASTE project (Human Machine Interface And the Safety of Traffic in Europe) • Decide how to measure distraction • Establish the effects of distraction on driving performance • Use real tasks to validate the process • Develop a draft test regime

  5. Overall approach – Stage 1 • Surrogate In Vehicle Information Systems (S-IVIS) • One cognitive, one visual • Three S-IVIS levels • Assessment methods • Simulator, Laboratory and Field • Road • Urban, rural and motorway • Road complexity level • “Average” vs older drivers • UK drivers vs Portuguese drivers 17 experiments, 527 participants

  6. Visual distraction task

  7. Effects of visual distraction • Fewer glances straight ahead • Lateral control deteriorates • Speed reduction

  8. Cognitive distraction task(auditory) • Participants’ task is to maintain a count of ‘target sounds’ presented within a list, keeping a separate tally for each target sound • Performance is thought to deteriorate with an increase in the number of target sounds

  9. Effects of cognitive distraction • More glances straight ahead • Improved lateral control • Poorer longitudinal control Baseline Cognitive task

  10. A misguided (?) conclusion…… • HMI that require cognitive/auditory attention are less distracting than visual ones • Not only are they less distracting, but they improve driving performance (!)

  11. Alternative explanation • Narrowing of visual gaze • Attentional processes also affected by distraction • Late detection and poor identification of stimuli • “I didn’t expect it,” • “I looked but failed to see,” • “I saw it too late.”

  12. The HASTE draft test regime • Driving in at least a medium-level driving simulator with a relatively small number of subjects (15 subjects are thought to be sufficient) • A rural two-lane road driving situation and a duration of approximately one hour • Assessment needs to take place at the level of specific tasks on the IVIS, since an IVIS may have a combination of comparatively easier and relatively harder tasks • A small number of dependent variables (indicators) are sufficient. At the moment, a set of 5 indicators is recommended.

  13. Suggested indicators • Subjective rating of driver’s own performance • Average speed • The proportion of high frequency steering activity • The minimum time headway to a lead vehicle. • Reaction time on Peripheral Detection Task

  14. Implications • The mode of distraction is important • Some variables are more sensitive than others • Some testing environments are more useful than others • Rural road was most diagnostic in simulator Motorway was most diagnostic in field • There could be implications for older drivers • managing the trade-off between driving and secondary tasks Meta analysis to obtain robust results on sensitivity, reliability, and consistency of effects, and their links to safety www.its.leeds.ac.uk/projects/haste

  15. Complementary methodologies • A checklist could identify possible system design problems at a stage where they can still be corrected. • Low cost simulators could be used in the early evaluation stage • Some field trials may be necessary for older drivers (simulator sickness)

  16. Changing HMIs – what are the options ? • Research outputs remain so • Enforced by legislation • EU • National • Issued as Commission Recommendation • Adopted voluntarily, backed up by ISO • Used as consumer information (P-NCAP) • Not legally binding

  17. (Not) The future

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