EDUCATION IN TANZANIA

1. EDUCATIONINTANZANIA BY Steward Ngagard Lulamye Tallinn, Telliskivi 60A. 23rd November 2013

2. The country is found in East Africa • North: Kenya and Uganda. • West: Burundi, Rwanda and DRC. • South: Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique • East: Indian Ocean. • TZ is the biggest of the East African countries. • Kilimanjaro African’s highest mountain found in northern part.

4. History of Education - TZ • HETZ can be traced after independence in 1961. • Before independence education was very restricted.

5. 1967: Arusha declaration • Policy “Education for Self Reliance”. • Transformation of Tanzanian to an African Socialist society. 1974: UPE emphasized in Musoma declaration. • Transformation of Rural society & Agriculture. UPE lead into Education progress in 1970s’.

6. 1980s’: External shocks – Oil crisis, Low coffee prices, drought and war with Uganda • ES associated with deficient economic policy caused an economic crisis. • Poor relationship with IMF and WB • Reason: Policy makers attributed the crisis to Exogenous shocks, while IMF and WB stressed deficient economic policies and institutions as a route causes.

7. Huge reduction of resources in Education sector • Progress made towards UPE during 1970s’ declined. • 1990s The MoE prepared an Education and Training Master Plan. • Later Education Sector Development Program (ESDP) was formed (1998 – 2007). • ESDP accelerated Education progress on stagnated indicators during 1980s’crisis.

8. 2000: Declaration on Education for All (EFA). • 2002 – 2009: Primary Education Development Program (PEDP) formulated. • 2004 – 2009: Secondary Education Development Program (SEDP) formulated. • Some of these reforms are based on key policy documents. For instance, • TZ Development Vision 2025, National Strategy For Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRT/MKUKUTA), Education and Training Policy of 1995, ESDP of 2001 and MDGs.

9. PEDP and SEDP I Successful Story • Both programs have shown the success in improving access and equity. • The Primary schools enrolment have increased as from 2002. • The number of Secondary Schools have increased three times from 2004 to 2009.

10. Remarks on Policy documentsRegarding Education Development • Some Education aspects, e.g. access has been incorporated in national and international major economic and social policies such as The National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP/MKUKUTA), MDGs, EFA etc

11. Education System in TZ Management and Administration • Two ministries coordinate and manage the Education in TZ. • MoEVT and PMO – Regional Administration and Local Government.

12. Education Agencies, Authorities, Boards, Councils, Commissions, and Institutes under MoEVT. • Tanzania Institute of Education (TIE). • Institute of Adult Education (IAE). • National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA). • Tanzania Library Services Board (TLSB). • Agency for the Development of Education Management (ADEM). • Vocational Education & Training Authority (VETA).

13. Cont….. • National Council for Technical Education (NACTE). • Higher Education Students’ Loan Board (HESLB). • Tanzania Education Authority (TEA). • Tanzania Commission for Universities (TCU).

14. Roles of MoEVT. • Curriculum development through TZ Institute of Education (TIE). • Responsible for training of teachers’ in colleges. • Coordinate Examinations through (NECTA). • Policies and Programs formulation.

15. PMO – RALG – Structure: • There is Regional Educational Officer (REO) who works closely with Regional Development Director (RDD). • There is District Education Officer (DEO) for Secondary and DEO for Primary Schools. The two are under REO.

16. PMO – RALG Roles: • Management of School Infrastructure eg Buildings, etc • Employ and manage HR in Schools eg Teachers. • Works with community in School building constructions & asset acquirement. • Works closely with MoEVT.

17. School Ownership • Public Schools owned by the Government. • Community Schools owned by the local community together with the Government. • Privately owned schools.

18. Education Structure:2 – 7 – 4 – 2 – 3 + • Pre–Primary 2 years • Primary School level 7 years. • Ordinary Secondary level 4 years. • Advanced Secondary level 2 years. • Tertiary Education 3+ years.

19. Structure of the Tanzanian Education System CSTC FDC Diploma in Education (2 years) TTC (Cert) Technical Technical College College (Diploma--3 years) (Cert) Vocational Training Pre -Primary Secondary Secondary School School University Primary School "O"-Level "A"-Level Degree Courses Standards Forms Forms Level 1 1 2 3 3+ 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 World of Work 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23+ Age Acc. Clerks Diploma in: O-Level Biases: Bus. Admin -- Accountancy --Technical --Planning --Agriculture Medical/ --Surveying --Commerce Nursing --Water Resource --Home Econ Management Agriculture --Business Admin & Veterinary --Taxation (Cert) (3 years) Distant Learning--Open University Employment Direct Direct --Private/Self Employment Employment Key: All Exams written and CSTC--Civil Service Training Centre administered by the FDC--Folk Development College National Examination Standard 7 Form 4 Form 6 TTC--Teacher Training College Council of Tanzania Examination Examination Examination

20. Basic Education:It Includes the following • Pre – Primary Education. • Primary Education. • Secondary Education. • Teachers Colleges/ Vocational Colleges.

21. Pre – Primary Education: • Child who is not less than 5 years of age is eligible for enrolment for Pre – Primary Education for a period of 2 years. • Attendance is not compulsory. .

22. Primary Education • Primary Education is a seven year education cycle. There are about 15,856 P/Schools. • It is universal and compulsory to all children from the age of 7 years. • Language and Curriculum:- Government (P/S) use Kiswahili as a medium of instruction & English is taught as a subject.

23. Private (P/S) use English as a medium of instruction & Kiswahili is taught as a subject. • Curriculum is composed of twelve subjects:- Kiswahili, Maths, Science, Geography, Civics, History, English, Vocational Subjects, French, Religious, Information & Communication Technology & School Sports.

24. National Examinations • There is Std IV Exam. • Std VII Exam. This Exam is a Primary School Leaving Exam (PSLE). • It is a marking completion of the Primary Education & it is used for selection of students into government secondary education. • Private secondary schools passing Std VII Exam is not a requirement.

25. 2000: Elimination of Tuition fees in Public P/S • Increased Enrolment of Students. • The increase has not been accompanied by increase in resources eg Teachers, Classrooms & books. Eg Pupils to qualified teacher at national level 2012 in P/School was 1:47. • Despite tuition fee elimination families still pay for Uniforms, testing fees & School supplies.

26. Secondary Education: • The 1st cycle is a 4 year O - level secondary education. It begins with Form I – 4 final examination. There are more than 4,875 S/Schools. • Selection and enrolment in O – level in government secondary schools is made on pre set national standard cut off points of performance in Primary School Leaving exam, but not for private secondary schools. • The 2nd cycle is a 2 year A – level secondary education. It has Forms 5 & 6.

27. Cont.. Selection & Enrolment criteria together with Exams for A-Level studies:- • Based on performance level in the relevant A- level subject combinations after attainment of credits in the certificate of secondary education examination (CSEE). • After successful completion of Advanced certificate of secondary education examination (ACSEE), students with higher credits are selected for tertiary education. • Others join TTC, technical colleges, etc.

28. Language & Curriculum • English is used as a medium of instruction. • Ordinary level (Form 1 – 4):- Students are required to study at least 7 subjects. These include:- Civics, Geography, English, Biology,History, Kiswahili, and Basic Maths. • Advanced level (Form 5 – 6):- A student specializes in a combination of three subjects and 1 or 2 subsidiary subjects.

29. Tuition and Fees • Government Secondary Schools charge tuition of Tshs 20,000/- (USD 12). • Tuition & fees are burden to some families especially large families, single parent families, orphans, etc • Private secondary schools tuition fees vary from Tshs 200,000 (around 150USD) to 32m (around 20,000 USD). Typical private school tuition is around Tshs 700,000 (525USD).

30. Teacher Education:There are 34 Teachers’ Colleges • Teachers Colleges/Vocational Colleges offer courses leading to Certificate awards in respective fields to those with O – level certificates and Diploma awards for those with A – level certificates. • Minimum admission for certificate and Diploma courses are determined by the form IV and form VII examination passes respectively.

31. Common positions in primary, secondary and teachers’ colleges: Principal/Head of School (HOS) - Headmaster/Headmistress/Head teacher. • Responsibilities: Overall in charge for all school administrations. • Is supervised by respective DEO.

32. Deputy Principal/Second master/Second mistress/Second teacher • Responsible for the school when HOS is away. • Responsible for day to day operations management and discipline. • Internal administrator for teachers’ and non teaching staff.

33. Academic Master/ Mistress:- • Responsible for logistics of the school, time table, supplies ( eg chalk, paper, dusters, filling of records, students files, scheme of work and coordinating school examinations). Classmaster/ Class Mistress:- • Responsible to a particular class or stream. • Supervising & recording weekly tests.

34. Tutor/Teacher on duty: • Responsible for all student related matters for a week at school eg giving permission to students who did wrong in school such as leaving school before time, later comers, etc Discipline master: Responsible for the first step in discipline process. Sports Tutor/ Teacher: Responsible for sports activities and equipments.

35. Other supporting positions:- • Student Leaders – Prefects and Monitors. • Storekeeper. • Maintenance teacher/tutor. • Accountant. • Personal secretary. • Office attendants. • Cooks. • Guards., etc

36. Tertiary Education: Universities & Non Universities • Universities operate under TCU. • Universities are semi autonomy. • Chancellor of the University is the in charge of the University. • Vice Chancellor take all the managerial responsibilities in the University. • Under VC, there are VC academics and administrations, etc • Design their own curriculum – KBET & should be approved by TCU. English is a medium of instruction.

37. Non Universities • Operate under NACTE. • Semi autonomy. • Chairman of the Board is the in charge of the Institutions. • Rector/Principal is responsible for all managerial activities. • Deputy Rector/Principal take all the managerial activities when Rector/Principal is away. • Others are Director of studies ,Register, etc • Design the curriculum – CBET and should be approved by NACTE. • Prepare the examination, but should be moderated by external moderators.

38. The country has 26 Universities. 10 Public and 16 Private. There are more than 10 higher learning Instructions which are non Universities.

39. End of Presentation. Thank You for Listening.