For further conversation about these ideas:

1. For further conversation about these ideas: Rationale for Changing O’s into 50’s or higher on the 100-point Scale Rick Wormeli rwormeli@cox.net 703-620-2447 Herndon, Virginia, USA (Eastern Standard Time Zone)

2. Premise A grade represents a valid and undiluted indicator of what a student knows and is able to do – mastery. With grades we document progress in students and our teaching, we provide feedback to students and their parents, and we make instructional decisions.

3. 0 or 50 (or 60)? = F or an F? 100-pt. Scale: 0, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100 -- 83% (C+) 60, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100 -- 93% (B+) When working with students, do we choose the most hurtful, unrecoverable end of the “F” range, or the most constructive, recoverable end of the “F” range?

4. Remember our Commission: To teach in whatever way students stay in the game and learn…. When we question whether or not to use a zero or a fifty, we are really asking ourselves, whether we want to mark the student’s work with an F or an F; it’s a redundant and unhelpful question. Do we want to say, “You have not yet demonstrated mastery,” or, “You’ve really, really, really not yet demonstrated mastery”? Choose the first one. We don’t need gradations of failure. If a student failed, whether it be to lesser or larger degree is irrelevant. As teachers, we take the same two steps regardless of failure’s degree: 1) personally investigate, and, 2) take corrective action. To punish a student for failing is double punishment: If the student is already in a dark place due to his failure to learn, we don’t help matters by making sure the road back to success is so overwhelming the student finds it easier to give in to others’ perception of him and forfeit his learning.

5. “Zeroes give a numerical value to something that has never been assessed and that therefore has no basis in reality.” -- O’Connor, p. 86

6. Be clear: Students are not getting points for having done nothing. The student still gets an F. We’re simply equalizing the influence of the each grade in the overall grade and responding in a way that leads to learning.

7. Imagine the Reverse… What if we reversed the proportional influences of the grades? That “A” would have a huge, yet undue, inflationary effect on the overall grade. Just as we wouldn’t want an “A” to have an inaccurate effect, we don’t want an “F” grade to have such an undue, deflationary, and inaccurate effect. Keeping zeroes on a 100-pt. scale is just as absurd as the scale seen here. A = 100 – 40 B = 39 – 30 C = 29 – 20 D = 19 – 10 F = 9 – 0

8. A (0) on a 100-pt. scale is a (-6) on a 4-pt. scale. If a student does no work, he should get nothing, not something worse than nothing. How instructive is it to tell a student that he earned six times less than absolute failure? Choose to be instructive, not punitive. [Based on an idea by Doug Reeves, The Learning Leader, ASCD, 2006] Consider the Correlation 100 90 80 70 60 4 3 2 1 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

9. Temperature Readings for Norfolk, VA over the course of five days in June: 85, 87, 88, 84, 0 (‘Forgot to take the reading) Average: 68.8 degrees This is inaccurate for what really happened, and therefore, unusable. Don’t mess around: GRADES MUST BE ACCURATE.

10. Clarification: When we’re talking about converting zeroes to 50’s or higher, we’re referring to zeroes earned on major projects and assessments, nothomework, as well as anything graded on a 100-point scale. It’s okay to give zeroes on homework or on small scales, such as a 4.0 scale. Zeroes recorded for homework assignments do not refer to final, accurate declarations of mastery, and those zeroes don’t have the undue influence on small grading scales.

11. “We are faced with the irony that a policy that may be grounded in the belief of holding students accountable (giving zeroes) actually allows some students to escape accountability for learning.” -- O’Connor, p. 86

12. Recommended Reading on Grading • Brookhart, Susan. 2004. Grading. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall • Marzano, Robert. Transforming Classroom Grading, ASCD 2001 • Marzano, Robert. Classroom Assessment and Grading that Work, ASCD 2006 • O’Connor, Ken; How to Grade for Learning, 2nd Edition, Thousand Oaks, CA, Corwin Press • O’Connor, Ken; A Repair Kit for Grading: 15 Fixes for Broken Grades, ETS publishers, 2007

13. Popham, W. James; Test Better, Teach Better: The Intsructional Role of Assessment, Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2003 • Popham, W. James; Classroom Assessment : What Teachers Need to Know (4th Edition), Pearson Education, 2004 • Stiggins,Richard J. Student-Involved Classroom Assessment (3rd Edition), Prentice Hall, 2000 • Wormeli, Rick. Fair Isn’t Always Equal: Assessment and Grading in the Differentiated Classroom. Stenhouse Publishers, 2006