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Understand bedrock, rock formation, erosion effects, soil influence, and land surface shaping for effective watershed management.
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Part 2. The watershed inventory Lecture 6. Geology and landform
Bedrock • Bedrock underlies all watershed ecosystems. • The nature of rock determines the character of overlying soils and influences the ultimate movement of water draining through those soils. Watershed management-- 6
Bedrocks are formed in one of three ways: by igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic process. Igneous rocks are formed when molten rock (magma) is pushed up through the cooler regions of the earth`s crust from deeper zones. Watershed management-- 6
Sedimentary rocks are composed either of fragments of mineral and rock eroded from preexisting rocks and then deposited by natural forces, or of materials precipitated from aqueous solutions. sandstone: sandy sediment limestone: shell and carbonate shales: finest clay sediment salt and gypsum: precipitation of material in solution Watershed management-- 6
Metamorphic rocks are created when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to further heat and pressure, thus modifying their crystal structure and their physical (but not chemical) properties. Shale slate Limestone marble Watershed management-- 6
Each type of rock has its own special physical and chemical property. • The chemical properties of rocks become a significant influence on watershed soil and water chemistry. • Rock weathering can occur either through physical processes or through chemical processes. Watershed management-- 6
Geology structure fracture Folds faults Physical structure are important in groundwater flow and, thus, in the distribution of water within the watershed ecosystem. Watershed management-- 6
Surficial material • Overlying bedrock in most regions is a layer of softer sediments, or soils. • Developed gradually from the action of plants and physical forces on bedrock • Contain a mixture of eroded rock and mineral fragments and organic debris Watershed management-- 6
landform • Land surface can be shaped and realigned in many way by the action of ice, water, and wind. • In northern regions the force of advancing and retreating glaciers tens of thousands of years ago had an important and lasting impact on landforms. Watershed management-- 6
In warmer regions the action of wind and water can be important in sculpting landforms. (Heathcote. 1998) Watershed management-- 6
In warmer regions the action of water can be important in sculpting landforms. • In dry regions the action of wind can be important in sculpting landforms. Watershed management-- 6
Degree of slopes Length of slopes Shape of slopes Watershed management-- 6
Detailed topographic maps, available for most regions, are an excellent source of information about the degree, shape, and length of slopes. Geological database is often available in map and / or report form specific to a given area. Watershed management-- 6