To what extent are the principles of liberalism viable?

1. To what extent are the principles of liberalism viable? Economic Freedom Individual Rights and Freedoms Competition Private Property Rule of Law Self Interest

2. Another Question? • To what extent should governments reflect the will of the people? Authoritarian OR Democracy

3. Viable Capable of working successfully; feasible. "the proposed investment was economically viable" Does Liberalism Work?

4. Today • Covering chapter 10 30-1 and chapter 11 30-2.

5. Democracy Defining the will of the people Democratic Practices Senate Article

6. The Will of the People The collective wishes of the people of a state. A democratically elected government will usually attempt to determine these wishes and make decisions based on them. John Locke  -social contract

7. The Will of the People • How can the collective wishes of all Canadians be gathered? • What are some challenges for gathering the wishes? • How does our system of government create opportunities or challenges with this?

8. Pg.337 Democracy pg.282 • Direct or Representative • Parts of Direct democracy: -initiatives (USA) -referendums or plebiscites (Charlottetown Accord, only three in our federal history) -recall (Only BC has it right now)

9. Pg. 338- 343 Representative Pg.282 • Responsible government- uses both executive and legislative branches (vote of non-confidence) • Republican system in the United States uses a system of checks and balances • United States has set elections for House Representatives every two years and Senators are every six years (senators are a staggered election) Montesquieu Separations of Powers

10. Different Legislative Bodies • Bicameral- lower and upper house (both are represented differently in Canada and in the states)

11. Voting systems used • Single-member constituency- first-past-the-post (Canada uses this) • Proportional Representation (Sweden uses this) • Fairvote.caFairvote.ca (Lobby Group/ Interest Group)

12. Voting Systems • Complete page 344-345 in the 30-1 textbook - Complete as a group. • Complete page 285 in the 30-2 textbook - Complete as a group

13. Source A “The most certain test by which we judge whether a country is really free is the amount of security enjoyed by minorities.” 1. What ideology is the source referencing relative to liberalism and how do you know? What kind of action is it encouraging individuals or government to do? 2. What is the context of the source? Explain. 3. What is the creator's perspective/opinion/message? What is in the source that leads you to this conclusion? 4. How does this link to liberalism? 5. What evidence (social studies knowledge) can you draw upon to show how the perspective of the source is further illustrated?

14. Parts of all the chapters 30-2 Ch. 9 30-1 Liberalism and The Aboriginal Experience What you need to know government legislation that was used to impose liberal European ideas on the Aboriginals. (50%) What you could learn how the Aboriginal ideas were against some parts of liberalism and how it relates to European liberalism. (80%) What you might learn if you are able to impose an ideology on a different group of people.

15. Is it fair if a minority can not be properly represented? Watch the movie and answer • Are Canada’s Aboriginal population fairly represented in Canada’s government? • What are some reasons that Aboriginals choose not to vote? • If Aboriginals choose not to vote is their will being heard? • What kind of changes need to be made in order to encourage Aboriginals to vote?

16. History • First Nations and Europeans were very different. (collective identities and living to different ideologies) • First Nations saw the relationship as sovereign nation where they were separate distinct and equal

17. Contrasting Differences • Europeans during the 20th century were focusing on progress and were following an ideology of modernism.

18. Land Issues • Europeans and First Nations had very different ideas about land holdings • Land belongs to the Creator (Laws of Sacred Life) • Treaties were signed so the First Nations would peacefully allow the immigrants settling Canada to own their land. • Land was sold for financial compensation and social/economic benefits and continued use of some land and resources.

19. Why were there problems? • British did not trust oral agreements so they demand to use the European style treaties. PROBLEM SINCE most First Nation tribes were not hierarchical • Translation issues. (No words, dishonest, Misunderstandings) • Eurocentrism (The belief that Europeans were superior to the Indigenous people)

20. Assimilation • Was done to get Aboriginals to adopt liberal ideology and European way of life • Residential school system- forced schooling • Enfranchisement- only allowing aboriginal men the right to vote if they gave up their Indian status • Indian Act- an act that categorized and was created by the government to control the Aboriginals

21. Assimilation • Gradual Civilization Act (1857)- If you gave up your Indian status you got the right to vote and 50 acres of land on the reserve. Also would receive his share of the treaty settlements and other band money • Only one person used this act.

22. The White Paper • Pierre Trudeau (dreamed of federal pluralist Canada) • The white paper proposed to abolish the treaties • It abolished everything that kept the First Nations separate • Was seen as a hostile attempt to assimilate since Trudeau never asked the First Nations

23. The Red Paper (Citizens Plus) • Was in response to the white paper • Outlined wants from the First Nations about how their relationship should be with the government.

24. The Red Paper • Only First Nations and Inuit and their organizations should be given the resources and responsibility to determine their own priorities and future development lines • The government wrongly thinks that the Crown owns reserve lands. The Crown merely “holds” such lands, though they belong to First Nations and Inuit peoples can only own land in the Old World, European sense of land ownership. Therefore, First Nations and Inuit should be allowed to control land in a way that respects both historical and legal rights

25. Questions 1)The white paper best represents what liberal idea? Classical or Modern 2) The Red Paper responses come from what historical issues? 3) What kind of liberal idea would the First Nations most likely see as working with their group and the government?

26. Current Issues • Land claims and non-fulfillment of treaty rights • 1982 Aboriginal and Treaty rights became part of Canada’s laws

27. Nisga’a Final Agreement • Gave the Nisga complete control over their land and resources • Parts of the agreement include -reasonable public access to land and resources -can restrict access in certain situations -laws passed by self-government must be approved by provincial or federal gov’t

28. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples • Created by the federal government to examine government policy with the Aboriginals. Three main recommendations were found: • The creation of legislation recognizing the sovereignty of the Aboriginal peoples • The creation of institutions of Aboriginal self-government • The creation of initiatives to address social education, health and housing needs

29. Following the Will of the People Game Follow the instruction in the package.

30. Terms Dash • As quickly as possible match the definitions to the terms. • Then Start Reading “ The Demise of Democracy” High Light important ideas, things you don’t understand and questions you have about the article.

31. Imposing Liberalism (Review) • How does an ideology spread? • What are some reason’s why Liberalism was implemented in Canada? • Why did Canada try to impose Liberalism on the Aboriginal people? Cold War

32. What are two reasons to impose liberalism? • Self-interest- to eliminate or reduce terrorist threats, or for reasons of economic self-interest • Humanitarianism- for moral or ethical reasons, such as improving living conditions.

33. Imposing Liberalism Self- Interest • Economic self-interest- liberal democracies has both economic and security benefits. It will encourage trade with other liberal democracies. • Self-interest countries that embrace liberalism are less likely to threaten the security of other liberal democracies. (War on Terror)

34. Imposing for Humanitarian Reasons • Intervention for moral or ethical reasons, such as the living conditions of the population.

35. Identify the following as being self-interest or humanitarian • Under the Taliban, Afghan women were not allowed to leave the house or have an education • Denying a country’s acceptance to the World Trade Organisation • Following World War One, the creation of a peace treaty whose focus was to prevent another war • The invasion of Afghanistan following the terrorist attack of 9/11 • Members of the European Union are encouraged to adopt the Euro as their currency • The invasion of Iraq following the terrorist attack of 9/11. • Canada joined NATO in order to become part of a collective security organization

36. How should government’s reflect the will of the people? Discussion about collective and individual rights Exploring some documents that outline those rights Exploring a case study

37. Focus • What you should learn that governments need to balance individual and collective rights. (50%-60%) • What you could learn how specific bills/ governments try to balance those rights. (60%-75%) • What you might learn how to argue your opinion about what is most important in our government balancing our needs.

38. The Common Good • The good of a community; something that benefits the public health, safety, and/or well-being of society as a whole • Will of the people- the collective wishes of the people of a state. A democratically elected government will usually attempt to determine these wishes and make decisions based on them.

39. Which political System offers the greatest degree of freedom for its citizens? Which political system offers the greatest degree of equality for its citizens? • Fundamental Rights- Life, liberty (freedom) and personal safety. • Canada has the Charter of Rights and Freedoms that is entrenched in our constitution to protect those rights

40. How is our Constitution amended? Before 1982, modifying the Constitution of Canada primarily meant amending the British North America Act, 1867. Unlike most constitutions, however, this Act had no amending formula: instead changes were enacted through Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (or "Imperial Parliament") called the British North America Acts. To make an amendment, the federal government, on behalf of the Canadian House of Commons and the Senate, would issue an address to the British government requesting an amendment, and would include a resolution containing the desired amendments. These in turn, were always passed by the British Parliament, with little or no debate.

41. How is our Constitution amended? Most amendments can be passed only if identical resolutions are adopted by the House of Commons, the Senate and two thirds or more of the provincial legislative assemblies representing at least 50 per cent of the national population. This formula, which is outlined in section 38 of the Constitution Act, 1982, is officially referred to as the "general amendment procedure" and is known colloquially as the "7+50 formula".

42. How is our Constitution amended? Amending the Canadian Constitution is a topic of great debate in Canada. There seems to be general agreement among provincial governments that some parts of the Constitution need to be amended to deal with long-standing demands from many provinces. There are demands by western provinces for a greater share of power at the federal level, and demands from Quebec for greater protection for its status as a "distinct society". Quebec, in particular, has not formally agreed to the Constitution Act, 1982, although this is symbolic and does not affect the legal applicability of the Act. Nevertheless, agreement on details of amendments has been elusive. Further complicating attempts to amend the Constitution is the complexity of the procedure for doing so, which in most cases requires approval from both the federal parliament and two-thirds of the provincial governments representing at least 50 per cent of the population, and in some cases require the approval of the federal government and all ten provincial governments. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord, a package of constitutional amendments, intended to deal with long-standing concerns of western provinces and demands from the Province of Quebec, failed in 1990 when it was not ratified by all ten provincial governments. The last attempt at a comprehensive package of constitutional amendments was the Charlottetown Accord, which arose out of the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The Charlottetown Accord was defeated in a national referendum in 1992. There have been several relatively minor amendments to the Constitution since it was patriated in 1982 including amendments dealing with provincial schooling in Newfoundland and Quebec and the changing of the name of Newfoundland to Newfoundland and Labrador (see below). Although the amending formula has not been formally altered, the Canadian government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien after the 1995 Quebec referendum recognized regional vetoes over proposed amendments, held by the provinces of Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia, and by the regions the Prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and the Atlantic (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Prince Edward Island).

43. Individual Rights • There are limits to individual rights. • You do not have the right to take away someone else's rights.

44. Question • Using the source below the author believes that individual rights need to be balanced with • Government authority • Minority rights • Collective Rights • Nothing individual rights should be absolute “ a society includes minorities of different kinds, and these minorities are inclined to believe that constitutions and characters exist not only to protect individuals against the unfettered power of the state, but also to protect minorities against the domination or negligence of the majority.”

45. Collective vs Individual Rights • Define collective and individual • Create a fake country. Its going to be a democratic country. Using your ch.10 and ch.11 work sheets list three democratic policies that your country will use. • Brainstorm a list of rights you want to have protected in your country.

46. Security What does your utopian security look like in your country? Can you leave lawn gnomes out or do they need to be nailed down?

47. Collective vs Individual Rights Which of the following rights are most important for a collective? • Security • mobility • freedom of speech • freedom of religion • right of assembly • freedom of expression

48. Why might government choose to reject the principles of liberalism in some cases? The Anti-Smoking movement is promoting the exclusion of 5 000 000 Canadians who consume a legal product and who contribute a significant amount of Tax Revenues to this nation and its provinces. People are being harassed and assaulted by Anti-Smokers and these people seem to feel they are entitled to do so because the government is backing them. Our elected representatives do nothing to protect the rights of 20 percent of the population who smoke and who also vote. We feel that this has to stop and that Smokers should be recognized as a Visible Minority in Canada and subject to the same rights and freedoms as other Visible Minorities, most importantly the protection from Hate Crimes and abuse.

49. Section I: Tobacco Use Among Canadian Adults (15+), 2010Smoking Prevalence  16.7% of Canadians (approximately 4.7 million) were current smokers.  The majority of smokers reported smoking daily (13.1% daily/3.7% non‐daily prevalence).  Although prevalence is at an all‐time low, the decline in smoking prevalence observed over the past 10 years appears to have slowed.  Prevalence was higher among males (19.7%) than females (13.8%).  Smoking prevalence was highest among young adults (age 20‐24), at 22.1%.  Substantial differences in smoking prevalence by education level persisted over the last decade, despite declining prevalence.  There were significant differences between provinces in smoking prevalence. What is one argument using the following information that would explain why it is ok for the government to restrict people’s right to smoke? • Most people who smoke are too young to get involved in politics • Smoking effects people’s health • People who smoke are declining and there for they are a minority • Less people are becoming smokers because of the negative health concerns of smoking

50. Facts about smoking • The truth about smoking • 1. Tobacco kills about 37,000 Canadians a year. • 2. There are over 4,000 dangerous chemicals in cigarettes, cigars and pipes smoke. Many of these chemicals are cancer-causing (carcinogen). • 3. Smokers are at very high risk for many diseases: • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis), Lung cancer, Cancer of the mouth, lip, throat and voice box, Cancer of the pancreas, Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Stomach cancer, Liver cancer Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, Leukemia, Coronary heart disease (e.g., heart attacks) Circulatory problems, High blood pressure, High cholesterol (LDL), Pneumonia, Influenza (the "flu"), The common cold, Peptic ulcers, Tooth decay (cavities), Gum disease, Osteoporosis, Sleep problems, Cataracts • 4. Second-hand smoke causes most of the serious health listed above, and more. Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada estimate that every year, second-hand smoke kills from 1100 - 7800 Canadians ( Reference - Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada fact sheet- PDF).