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Chapter 10 - Organic Chemistry

What you'll learn this year ? Organic Topics. Naming (nomenclature) ? drawing a few of the many classes of organic molecules:Isomerism ConstitutionalCis/transE/ZR/SPhysical properties ? mp, bp, solubility based on structure ? you'll be able to predict these properties based on your knowledge o

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Chapter 10 - Organic Chemistry

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    1. Chapter 10 - Organic Chemistry

    2. What you’ll learn this year – Organic Topics Naming (nomenclature) – drawing a few of the many classes of organic molecules: Isomerism Constitutional Cis/trans E/Z R/S Physical properties – mp, bp, solubility based on structure – you’ll be able to predict these properties based on your knowledge of structure Determine aromaticity – Hückel's rule Reactions – how do we make complex molecules – Mechanisms (Not in Book) Addition reactions Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) Polymerization Free radical reactions Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Nitration Hydration/dehydration Others

    3. Nomenclature Examples

    4. Structure Analysis

    5. Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry: The study of the compounds of carbon. Organic compounds are made up of carbon and only a few other elements. Chief among these are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Also present in some organic compounds are sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine).

    6. Organic Chemistry

    7. Organic Structure Structural formula: Shows the atoms present in a molecule as well as the bonds that connect them. VSEPR model: The most common bond angles are 109.5°, 120°, and 180°.

    8. Organic Structure Among neutral (uncharged) organic compounds: Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons Hydrogen forms one covalent bond and no unshared pairs of electrons Nitrogen normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons Oxygen normally forms two covalent bonds and has two unshared pairs of electrons Halogens normally forms one covalent bond and has three unshared pairs of electrons

    9. Functional Groups Functional group: An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that shows a characteristic set of predictable physical and chemical properties. Functional groups are important because: They undergo the same types of chemical reactions no matter in what organic molecule they are found To a large measure, they determine the chemical and physical properties of a molecule They are the units by which we divide organic compounds into families They provide the basis on which we derive names for organic compounds

    10. Functional Groups and Classes – 14 in total!

    11. Other Groups and Classes you will need to know!

    12. Alcohols Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom. For example, ethanol: An alcohol may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

    13. Alcohols Problem: Draw Lewis structures and condensed structural formulas for the two alcohols with the molecular formula C3H8O.

    14. Amines A compound containing an amino group (-NH2, RNH2, R2NH, R3N). The amino group may be primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°).

    15. Amines Problem: Draw condensed structural formulas for the two primary amines with the molecular formula C3H9N.

    16. Aldehydes and Ketones Each contains a C=O (carbonyl) group. Aldehyde: Contains a carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen; in formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, the carbonyl group is bonded to two hydrogens. Ketone: Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms.

    17. Aldehydes and Ketones Problem: Draw condensed structural formulas for the two aldehydes with the molecular formula C4H8O. Solution: First draw the functional group of an aldehyde and add the remaining three carbons; these may be bonded in two ways. Then add the seven hydrogens necessary to complete the four bonds of each carbon.

    18. Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acid: A compound containing a -COOH (carboxyl: carbonyl + hydroxyl) group. In a condensed structural formula, a carboxyl group may also be written -CO2H.

    19. Carboxylic Acids Problem: Draw a condensed structural formula for the single carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O2 Solution: The only way the carbon atoms can be written is three in a chain; the -COOH group must be on an end carbon of the chain.

    20. Carboxylic Ester Carboxylic ester: A derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the H of the carboxyl group is replaced by a carbon group. Simply calling these esters is acceptable.

    21. Chapter 10 Organic Chemistry

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