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Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry

Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry. The not-that-bad high school version (80% of which is on the Reference Table) of the class that stops a lot of people from becoming doctors. Ch. 11: Lesson 1 -Intro to Orgo-. What is Organic Chemistry (Orgo)?. Organic chemistry is study of carbon compounds.

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Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry

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  1. Chapter 11:Organic Chemistry The not-that-bad high school version (80% of which is on the Reference Table) of the class that stops a lot of people from becoming doctors

  2. Ch. 11: Lesson 1 -Intro to Orgo-

  3. What is Organic Chemistry (Orgo)? • Organic chemistry is study of carbon compounds. Organic is with C; Inorganic is without C • Each carbon forms a total of 4 bonds

  4. Tetrahedron • In 3D, each carbon’s 4 bonds are in a tetrahedral shape, like a tripod or a pyramid

  5. Formulas Give Structural Info • Molecular formula: • Structural formula:

  6. Properties of Organic Compounds • Nonpolar or weakly polar • Low melting and boiling points • Non-electrolytes, react slowly, insoluble in water • Most will burn, releasing CO2 and H2O • Millions of organic compounds, most from biological processes

  7. 2 Types of Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are molecules of only H and C atoms • Aromatic: closed chain • Aliphatic: open chain

  8. Homework • Kinetics Quest corrections due Tuesday • Print posted pages for Tuesday • Have a great holiday weekend

  9. Ch. 11: Lesson 2 -Homologous Series-

  10. Homologous Series • A homologous series is a group of related compounds that get bigger one unit at a time • Boiling point rises as # of carbons increases

  11. Names in a Homologous Series

  12. Alkanes • Organic compounds with only single bonds are called saturated compounds • The alkanes are a homologous series of saturated compounds • Names all end with -ane

  13. Alkanes(end in -ane)CnH2+2

  14. Draw: pentane, hexane, & octane

  15. Alkenes and Alkynes • Unsaturated compounds contain at least one double or triple bond • Alkenes have double bonds, names end in -ene • Alkynes have triple bonds, names end in -yne

  16. Alkenes (end in -ene)CnH2n

  17. Draw: propene & butene

  18. Alkynes (end in -yne) CnH2n-2

  19. Draw: ethyne, butyne, & pentyne

  20. Table Q

  21. Ch. 11: Lesson 3 -Isomers, Side-chains, and Naming-

  22. Naming Bond Positions • 1) Find longest continuous carbon chain • 2) Number carbons so bond is connecting carbons with lowest numbers

  23. Draw: 2-hexene

  24. Draw: 1-butyne

  25. CH4 Methane C2H6 Ethane C4H8O2 3-hydroxy-2-butanone 2-methylpropanoic acid Butanoic acid Dioxan

  26. Isomers • Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas • Each has different properties and boiling points • Straight chain written as “normal” with “n-” Name: n-pentane Name: ???

  27. Alkyl Groups • Alkyl groups are non-H sidechains Named like alkanes but with an “-yl” ending

  28. How to Name Isomers • 1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain • 2) Number the carbons • 3) Use the lowest number combination to list what’s attached to carbon chain

  29. Name This Molecule • Find longest C chain, number it • What’s attached? • Give lowest number

  30. Draw: 3-methyl hexane

  31. Draw: 2-ethyl pentane

  32. Multiple Alkyl Groups • Use “di-” or “tri-” to indicate more than one of the same alkyl group

  33. Draw: 2,2-dimethyl hexane

  34. Draw: 2-methyl, 3-ethyl hexane

  35. Homework • Review book page 200, # 19-23, 27-28

  36. Ch. 11: Lesson 4 -Functional Groups- AKA “Just look at Table R”

  37. Functional Groups • Functional groups replace H’s on a hydrocarbon and give molecules different properties

  38. Halides • Halides are F, Cl, Br, or I in place of H on a hydrocarbon • Named by adding “-o” to the end of the halogen, then treating like an alkyl group 2-bromo propane 3-chloro pentane

  39. Draw: 3-fluoro pentane

  40. Draw: 2-iodo butane

  41. Alcohols • Alcohols have an -OH group • Looks like a base, but not ionic or an electrolyte • Change the end of hydrocarbon name to “-ol” methanol 2-butanol

  42. Draw: ethanol

  43. Draw: 2-propanol

  44. Types of Alcohols • Dihydroxy and trihydroxy alcohols have 2 and 3 -OH groups, respectively

  45. Types of Alcohols • Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols:

  46. Table R • You don’t need to memorize the rest, they’re on the reference table, but be familiar with them and where they are

  47. Aldehydes • Aldehydes have a double bonded oxygen at the end of a carbon chain, with an H • Names end in “-al” 3 C’s = propane = propanal

  48. Ketones • Ketones have a double bonded oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain • Names end in “-one” 3 C’s = propane = propanone

  49. Organic Acids • Organic acids have both a double bonded oxygen and an -OH at the end of a carbon chain • Names end in “-oic acid” 3 C’s = propane = propanoic acid

  50. Ethers • Ethers have two carbon chains joined by an oxygen • Names list what’s on each side of the oxygen, followed by “ether” Ethylmethyl ether Dimethyl ether

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