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Video. Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture? Hughes et. Al. By Ryan Heflin and Suzie Banda. The Study. Goal: measure whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on the expression of a persons theory of mind (ToM) Theory of Mind

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  1. Video

  2. Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?Hughes et. Al By Ryan Heflin and Suzie Banda Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  3. The Study • Goal: • measure whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on the expression of a persons theory of mind (ToM) • Theory of Mind • A person’s ability to understand that another human being’s actions are influenced by that other human being’s subjective perception of the world (i.e. beliefs, desires, intentions, emotions). Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  4. Procedure: Twin Study • Sample • 1,116 twin pairs; 56% monozygotic 44% dizygotic • 5 years old • Measure: Questionaire Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  5. Results:Monozygotic and Dizygotic correlations were identical (r=.53) Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  6. Noteworthy Points • Significant Environmental Influences on ToM • Verbal Abilities Correlate with ToM Development Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  7. Weaknesses in Argument • Conflicts with another twin study of a similar nature Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  8. Test Questions • What is Theory of Mind? • A) One’s ability to recognize others as having subjective perceptions of the world. • B) Philosophical question of the relationship between the mind and the brain. • C) Theory behind how one acquires language. • Which of the following was not one of the aims of the Individual Differences in Theory of Mind study? • A) To examine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ToM in twins • B) To explore the possible overlap between influences on individual differences in ToM and verbal ability • C) To study individual differences in ToM between twins separated at birth • Which of the following environmental influences affect the development of ToM? • A) The presence of siblings • B) Cultural differences • C) mind-mindedness (mother’s sensitivity to a child’s perception of the world) • D) All of the above • A person’s theory of mind develops only from environmental influences • True or false • In the ToM Twin Study they measured ToM, SES, and verbal abilities? • True or False • Monozygotic Twins are identical and share 100% of their genes? • True or False Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

  9. Answers • What is Theory of Mind? • A) One’s ability to recognize others as having subjective perceptions of the world. • B) Philosophical question of the relationship between the mind and the brain. • C) Theory behind how one acquires language. • Which of the following was not one of the aims of the Individual Differences in Theory of Mind study? • A) To examine the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences in ToM in twins • B) To explore the possible overlap between influences on individual differences in ToM and verbal ability • C) To study individual differences in ToM between twins separated at birth • Which of the following environmental influences affect the development of ToM? • A) The presence of siblings • B) Cultural differences • C) mind-mindedness (mother’s sensitivity to a child’s perception of the world) • D) All of the above • A person’s theory of mind develops only from environmental influences • True or false • In the ToM Twin Study they measured ToM, SES, and verbal abilities? • True or False • Monozygotic Twins are identical and share 100% of their genes? • True or False Hughes, C., Happe, F. & Taylor, H., Jaffee, S.R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt T.E. (2005).Origins of Individual Differences in Theory of Mind: From Nature to Nurture?. Child Development, 76, 356-370.

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