Globalization and the Emergence of New Industries

1. All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilized nations, by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal interdependence of nations.

2. San José State University College of Social SciencesAnthropology/ Asia 115 Emerging Global Cultures

3. Introductions Home Town: Lawrence, Kansas. Grew up in Sonoma County California (Cazadero, Occidental) Education: Sonoma State University University of Kansas San Jose State University Research Interests: Urban Poverty Discourse Analysis Homelessness Identity and the self Technology and learning Cultural consequences of information automation

4. KU and Lawrence, Kansas

5. The Syllabus and Textbooks Textbook English-Lueck et al Emerging Global Cultures The syllabus Large university courses VS. small liberal arts courses Discussion, exchange, collaboration Anthropology, Globalization, Consumer Capitalism, Elite-driven capitalism – Introductions, syllabus, Anthropology overview, theory – Anthropology overview, theory, weekly readings

6. Anthropology • Anthropology: • “The science of humankind” • the most humanistic of the sciences and the most scientific of the humanities (Wolf 1964). • From Greek - Anthropos: Human - Logos: Discourse, science First used to define a scientific discipline probably around the 16th century. Formally developed into an academic discipline in the 18th century. Columbia University offered the first Ph.D. program In anthropology in America.

7. 4 Fields of Anthropology Cultural Socio-cultural Ethnography Archaeology Material Culture Physical/Biological Evolution Linguistic Language and Meaning

8. Subfields and Specialization Some subfields… • Applied anthropology, • Economic anthropology, • Political anthropology, • Business anthropology, • Medical anthropology, • Forensic anthropology, • Development anthropology. Geographic and Regional Specialization Paradigm shifts Ideological change Culture Identity

9. What does Anthropology do? Seeks to understand humanity in time and space. All subfields united at one time under Evolution/Diffusion. 19th Century.

10. Anthropology’s Contributions We cannot understand human behavior without taking different cultures into account. Culture molds biology: eating, sleeping, sex, bathroom, talking.

11. Culture CULTURE is Anthropology’s concept, but it is used in a variety of ways both inside and outside of Anthropology.

12. Culture: Defined Difficult to define… EDWARD BENNIT TYLOR offered the “kitchen sink” definition "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society“ (Tylor 1872).

13. THEORY OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANTHROPOLOGYUniliear Theory and Cultural Evolution (pre 1900) Idea: Culture evolves in progressive and linear stages, each stage corresponding to certain types of “technology” PRIMATIVE stone tools, spear thrower, scavaging (prehistoric) SAVAGERY fishing, bow & arrow (Aboriginals) BARBARISM pots, domestication of plants/animals, iron (Native Americans) CIVILIZATION writing, phonetic alphabet (Greeks) Notable anthropologists of this period: Edward B. Tylor Frank Hamilton Cushing Lewis Henry Morgan James G. Frazer

14. Problems? What are some problems with these theories? Implied racialized worldview Indigenous peoples have just as much history, and are just as “evolved,” as so-called “civilized” societies. The Indigenous Mind The Dream Time

15. CULTURAL RELATIVISM (early 1900s-1930s) • CULTURAL RELATIVISM: Behavior in one culture should not be judged by the standards of another culture • ETHNOCENTRICISM: (opposite of relativism) Tendency to view one’s culture as superior and to apply one’s own cultural values in judging the behavior and beliefs of people raised in other cultures Notable anthropologist Franz Boas Alfred Kroeber Robert Lowie Edward Sapir Ruth Benedict Margret Mead

16. CULTURAL RELATIVISM (cont.) CULTURES: Particular to geographic areas, local histories, and traditions RACE: Problematic category because still popularly taken as biological, weighted with the assumptions of inferiority and superiority Native Americans, African Americans, and other ethnic groups of differing melatonin: NOT RACIALLY INFERIOR, POSSESSED UNIQUE & HISTORICALLY SPECIFIC CULTURES

17. HOW TO STUDY CULTURE…FIELDWORK METHODS • Bronisław Malinowski • Defining feature of Anthropology since 1920s A “scientific anthropology?” • PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION Take part in community life as we study it; Use the senses: sound, sight, smell, touch, taste; talk to people, ask questions, learn new language • FIELD NOTES Keep separate notebook in which you record observations & experiences • GENEALOGY Take note of kinship, descent, marriage relationships • INFORMANTS/COLLABORATORS/FRIENDS People with interest, talent, or training to provide useful information about particular aspects of life

18. FIELDWORK METHODS (cont.) • LIFE HISTORY Recollection of a lifetime of experiences; intimate and personal cultural portrait; how specific people perceive, react to, contribute to changes that affect their lives • RESEARCH QUESTIONS Questions that guide your research • SUBJECT/OBJECT • Position of the researcher in relation to her informants & subject/s being studied • Position will affect the kind of knowledge gathered & analysis

19. THEORIES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTPATTERNS OF CULTURE Earlier theories: • Cultures are homogenous, harmonious, static forms of patterned behaviors • Undiscovered societies were frozen scientific objects to be discovered & recorded The post-Boas Era • Cultural Relativism: all cultures are different but equal • Cross-cultural Comparison: Can help anthropologists understand their own cultures. Mead ex.: Samoan girls experience puberty as exciting and their changing bodies as beautiful

20. SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS & MEANINGS • Clifford Geertz • Blurring boundaries between social sciences & humanities • Cultures: texts to be read and interpreted • Interpretation: way people make sense of differences • “Native’s Point of View”: Perspective of people you are working with

21. SYSTEM OF SYMBOLS & MEANINGS (cont.) • Meanings are not private or in people’s heads but talked about everyday • People are sophisticated interpreters of their own culture • Anthropologists want access to stories people tell themselves about themselves • “thick description”: layers of meaning stacked on top of each other

22. New Perspectives • Marvin Harris • Emic (internal): seeing things from their perspective or logic. • Etic (external): refers to a comparative perspective. • Relationship between Power and Culture: how can we analyze social inequality, to move towards Equality • Shift from looking at cultures as consistent wholes to looking at differences within cultures—difference is more typical than sameness • Culture is emergent (always being created) and contested (always being debated) • Many, many changes occurred over the last twenty years in the field of anthropology…

23. MODERN ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY…Humanism: Engaged Anthropology • Do anthropologists bear the responsibility of putting their ideas into practice to “help” human beings? • If so, does this humanism influence their course of study too much? • Should anthropologists judge which “story” (practice, policy, etc.) is better? • Perhaps the “sameness” of the shared human condition is as important as understanding & respecting “differences” Paul Farmer-structural violence

24. It’s a Flat World After All • Thomas Friedman • NY Times columnist • Generally a positivist, utopian writer • Individual countries must sacrifice some degree of economic independence to global institutions.

27. United Nations Development Programme • Mumbai - about 54% of the population comprises slum dwellers. • Mumbai -1.2 million people, or little under 10% of its population, earn less than Rs (rupee) 20 a day (average price for a apartment: 20 Rs) • Half of Mumbai's population lives in sub-human conditions in shanties, but the land that slums are situated on comprise just 6% of the city's total land area

28. Flat… • Plays off the notion of “exploration” • Begins in India, Banglador • Suggests the world is "flat" • Globalization has leveled the competitive playing fields between industrial and emerging market countries. • Why? The PC, fiber-optic micro cable, software development, and outsourcing.

29. Flat… • Globalization 3.0, individuals interconnected in the global market • Globalization 2.0 multinational companies acting to pull the world together • Globalization 1.0 counties and governments motivating global expansion and interconnection

30. Flat… • Friedman is excited about the Chinese and Indian populations "joining the global supply chain“ • This can translate into low cost labor… • Problems?

31. Falling Flat • Robert J Gonzalez • SJSU Faculty • Response to Friedman’s writings, in particular The World is Flat • Culturally misinformed • Historically inadequate • Intellectually Impoverished.

32. Falling Flat… • Key points: • Gap between rich and poor • Global poverty • Outsourcing • Environmental damage • Friedman calls for liberalization of developing economies, • ie: he wants privatization and a free market.

33. Some Websites • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_anthropology • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor