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BIO-DIGESTER An overview

BIO-DIGESTER An overview. Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE) Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO). Present Scenario. According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:

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BIO-DIGESTER An overview

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  1. BIO-DIGESTER An overview Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE) Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO)

  2. Present Scenario • According to UNICEF / WHO estimates: • About 1/7thof world population still openly defecate in the absence of any toilet / latrine, of which 60% live in India • According to Registrar General Census of India (2011): • 69% households in rural & 19% in urban sector have no access to toilets which leads to open defecation • This makes India the number one country in the world where open defecation is practised • Indonesia with 63 million is a far second ! • <10% Gram Panchayats in India are ODF Large number of toilets are still cleaned manually (directly or indirectly by animals) The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993

  3. Sources of Pollution…… Houses without Toilets in India (10.5 % improvement in 10 years) • Open toilets • Discharge by railways • Untreated sewage system Consequences…… • Organic pollution • Aesthetic nuisance • Water borne diseases • Viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera • Diarrhoea (annually kills 500,000 children) • Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people)

  4. Dry Pit Toilets Ventilated Dry pit toilet Twin (Dry) pit toilet • Most commonly used by NGOs in TSC • Pit needs periodical evacuation • Manual scavenging problem not solved

  5. Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets) • Pits are constructed in brick line (like a honeycomb to facilitate the liquid to flow out) • A wooden or concrete slab to prevent people falling into them • Pits are placed symmetrically at the back of the latrine pan with minimal distance of the pit depth to prevent cross-contamination • Risk of ground water contamination • Not suitable for high water table areas • Dislodging of toilet is required in every 3-5 years Distance not less than the pit depth

  6. SEPTIC TANK • SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS • BIGGER VOLUME • REQUIRES LARGER SPACE • COSTLY TO BUILD • NOT EFFICIENT • OBNOXIOUS SMELL • SLUDGE NEEDS PERIODIC EVACUATION • MAINTENANCE INTENSIVE • UNHYGIENIC DISPOSAL

  7. Human Waste Treatment Challenges Wide variation in temperature: -50°C to 50°C Variety Of Terrain: High altitude, Hilly, Marshy, Plains, Desert, Coastal Areas & Islands Water Conditions: Low / High Water Table Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas Economic Constraints, Awareness, Lack Of Concern

  8. Salient features • Eco-friendly & cost-effective (no recurring cost) • Wide applicability under different climatic conditions • Easy to transport and install in hilly terrains • Minimizes water consumption • Recycling of effluent water • Reduction in organic waste by more than 90% • More than 99% pathogens reduction • Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas • Use of phenyl/ cleaning agents is permitted upto 84ppm

  9. Biodigester Technology • BACTERIA (INOCULUM) • Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization/ enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria • Fermentation Tank (Biodigester) • Fermentation device for accelerated microbial degradation of organic waste • Biodigester is made of mild steel/SS/FRP/bricks • Dimensions and internal design vary with no. of users, water availability & geo-climatic conditions

  10. Steps in Anaerobic Digestion Large polymers are converted into simpler monomers Hydrolysis Robust Acidogenesis Simple monomers are converted into volatile fatty acids Volatile fatty acids are converted into acetic acid, CO2 & H2 Acetogenesis Sensitive Methanogenesis Acetate & H2 are converted into CH4 & CO2

  11. Variants of Biodigester

  12. Biodigester Development Soil Glacier Metal – 50-60 men FRP – 50-60 men Temp controlled: 20-25 men : 7-10 men (Modular)

  13. Modular Biodigesters For Glacier

  14. Low Temperature Biodigesters for Soil Bound High Altitude Areas Partapur Sikkim

  15. Temperature Controlled Hybrid Biodigester Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006 • Kitchen waste and human waste degradation

  16. Development of Biodigesters for plain areas

  17. Challenges in Rural Sector • Energy constraints • Water constraints • Space constraints • Cost • Working life • Use of toilet cleaning agents • Manual scavenging/ evacuation • Maintenance • DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges adequately

  18. Biodigester A Low cost Eco-friendly alternative of Septic Tank • Size: 1/4th to 1/10th • Less space requirement • Low material/ construction cost • Can treat bathroom/ kitchen wastewater also • No foul smell • Maintenance free Biodigester Biodigester cum Reed Bed

  19. Biodigester-Septic Tank: Volume *IS:2470 (SIZES FOR ASSUMPTIONS WITH CLEANING IN ONE YEAR)

  20. Biodigester for Civil/ Plain Areas FRP: 5-6 users Size: 700 L Dhamra, Odisha Parmarth Ashram, Rishikesh Biodigesters-Lakshadweep DRDO Bhawan

  21. Biodigesters Installed at Civil Locations Aravali Vikas Sangathan, Gurgaon DRDE, Gwalior Model Town, New Delhi Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior Games Village, New Delhi

  22. Mobile Biotoilets in Rishikesh Mobile Biotoilets in Kumbh Mela

  23. Low Cost Bio-Toilet for Rural Areas

  24. BioToilets Installed at Dhamra, Odisha

  25. Biodigesters at Lakshadweep FRP: 5-6 users Size: 700 L 12000 biotoilets are being installed

  26. Development of Biodigesters for Indian Railways

  27. Biodigester for IR Single Toilet Biodigester Double Toilet Biodigester

  28. Installation of Digesters in Barauni Express Single Toilet Digester Double Toilet Digester

  29. Installed Biodigesters Installed Digesters Digesters under Use from August 2006 to March 2008 in Gwalior-Barauni Express

  30. Evolution & Development of Rail Biodigester Year: 2006-2010

  31. Evolution & Development of Rail Biodigester Biodigester with PLC & pneumatic flapper valve Biodigester with manual slider valve Year: 2010-2011 Biodigester with narrow inlet Biodigester with solid-liquid separater

  32. Evolution & Development of Rail Biodigester Year: 2010-2012 Year: After2012

  33. Railway Biodigester • More than 7000 bio-toilets fitted in passenger coaches • 50000 existing coaches to be retro-fitted with biodigesters by 2021 March 9, 2010

  34. Evaluation of Cleaning Agents provided by IR • Conclusion: All the six chemicals did not show any deleterious effect on biodegradation upto 100ppm during 42 day study period

  35. Safety Studies • Oral toxicity of effluent • Acute toxicity • Chronic toxicity • No clinical signs such as excitability, CNS stimulation, uncontrolled urination, bulging eyes, depression, etc observed • No change in biochemical parameters • Conclusion: No toxicity found in both rat and fish models

  36. Current Status of Bio-toiltes/ Biodigesters • Installed so far • High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166 • Indian Railways: ~7,000 • Plain areas: 58 + 1000 (Lakshadweep) • Curent/ Future Assignments • UT of Lakshadweep: 12000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala) • Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow, Industries, Gwalior) • UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected) • Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)

  37. Significant Highlights • Patents • Granted: 7 (2 foreign) • Filed: 8 (2 PCT) • Publications: 29 (18 foreign) • MoU: 4 (Indian Railways, BMTPC, MDWS, GAP-FICCI) • ToT: 53 • Defence Technology Spin-off Award-2007

  38. Memorandum of Understanding for Biodigester Technology • MoU signed between DRDO and Ministry of Railways on March 9, 2010 • MoU signed between DRDO and BMTPC (Ministry of HUPA) on May 9, 2011 • MoU signed between DRDO and MDWS (Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation) on July 26, 2012 • MoU DRDO, FICCI and Ganga Action Parivar (ParmarthNiketan) for Clean Ganga Action Plan on November 3, 2012

  39. ENQUIRY AND CONTACT • The Director, • Defence Research & Development Establishment, • Jhansi Road, Gwalior– 474 002 • Ph No  - 0751-234132, Fax – 0751-2341148 • The Director, • Directorate of Industry Interface & Technology Management (DIITM), • DRDO HQ, RajajiMarg, New Delhi – 110011 • Ph No  - 011-23013209, Fax – 011-23793008 • Email- radkrishnan100@gmail.com 39

  40. Thanks !

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