E.D. Hirsch

1. E.D. Hirsch Howard Gardener Maxine Greene

2. Educational Philosophies • Maxine Greene – Existentialism • Believe students and teachers needed meaning in lives • Used Humanities and Arts to create meaning • E. D. Hirsch Jr. – Essentialism • Believed that a set curriculum was needed • Howard Gardner – Progressivism • Believed children should learn in their own elements • Each child could be considered a genius in “their element”

3. Maxine Greene (1918-Present) "I'm absolutely opposed to strict standards, and I'm terribly interested in kids having confidence in their own vision. There is no right way to make art." "I use the term ‘wide-awakeness’. Without the ability to think about yourself, to reflect on your life, there's really no awareness, no consciousness. Consciousness doesn't come automatically; it comes through being alive, awake, curious, and often furious." "I'm very influenced by existentialism and the thought that you can be submerged in the crowd, and if you're submerged in the crowd and have no opportunity to think for yourself, to look through your own eyes, life is dull and flat and boring. The only way to really awaken to life, awaken to the possibilities, is to be self-aware."

6. Dr. E.D. Hirsch, Jr. • He was born on March 22, 1928 in Memphis, Tennessee. • He attended Cornell and Yale Universities. • He taught at Yale University from 1957-1966. • He became a professor of English at the University of Virginia in 1972.

7. Dr. E.D. Hirsch, Jr. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know “To be culturally literate is to possess the basic information needed to thrive in the modern world.” Plato and Rousseau’s educational theories… Or Anthropological theory?

8. Dr. Howard Gardner born in 1943 in Scranton, PA attended Harvard University majored in Cognitive Developmental Psychology developed the theory of multiple intelligences worked on school reform in 1980’s 1986 began working at Harvard Graduate School of Education authored more than 20 books best known for his theory of multiple intelligences

9. Multiple Intelligences Theory • Linguistic: words and language • Logical-Mathematical: logical thinking • Musical: musical ability • Bodily-Kinesthetic: body movement control • Spatial-Visual: visual and spatial perception • Interpersonal: perception of other people's feelings • Intrapersonal: self-awareness

10. “Good to Know” Websites: • Free Multiple Intelligence tests - http://www.businessballs.com- http://school.familyeducation.com • Good test to give parents to assess their children · - http://www.spannj.org/BasicRights/appendix_b.htm- http://surfaquarium.com/MI/inventory.pdf

11. References “Howard Gardner: Developer of Multiple Intelligences.” Retrieved June 16, 2009 from http://www.mypersonality.info/multiple-intelligences/howard-gardner/ Chapman, A. (2009). Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from http://www.businessballs.com/howardgardnermultipleintelligences.htm Sadker, D. M. & Zittleman, K. R. (2009). Teachers, Schools, and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education. New York: McGraw Hill Companies Inc. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563699/Hirsch_E(ric)_D(onald)_Jr_.html. Retrieved May 25, 2009. Hirsch Jr., E.D.. Validity in Interpretation. Connecticut: Yale University Publishing, 1967. Hirsch Jr., E.D.. Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1987.