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Chapter 04 Perspectives in Global Health Care

Chapter 04 Perspectives in Global Health Care. Objectives. Identify the major aims and goals for global health that have been presented by the Millennium Global Developmental Goals (2009) addressing global health concerns.

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Chapter 04 Perspectives in Global Health Care

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  1. Chapter 04Perspectives in Global Health Care

  2. Objectives Identify the major aims and goals for global health that have been presented by the Millennium GlobalDevelopmental Goals (2009) addressing global health concerns. Identify the health priorities of Health for All in the 21st Century (HFA21). Analyze the role of nursing in global health. Explain the role and focus of a population-based approach for global health. Discuss the many causes of global health problems.

  3. Objectives, Cont’d Identify some solutions for at least one of these global health problems. Describe how global health is related to economic, industrial, environmental, and technological development. Compare and contrast the health care system in a developed country with one in a lesser-developed country. Define burden of disease.

  4. Objectives, Cont’d Explain how countries can prepare for natural and man-made disasters and the role of nurses in these efforts. Describe at least five organizations that are involved in global health.

  5. Historical Perspective Health for All in the 21st Century (HFA21) World Health Assembly stated that all citizens of the world should enjoy a level of health that would permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life Healthy People 2020 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – United Nations The Millennium Report (2009) Many of the world’s health problems directly affect the health of individuals in the United States.

  6. Definitions Developed country Lesser-developed country

  7. Role of Population Health Population health Focuses on the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on the health of populations Determinants Example: Canada

  8. Primary Health Care WHO/UNICEF believe that a unified approach to creating primary care services globally is important. Global primary health care services Example: Mexico

  9. Nursing and Global Health Nurses play leadership role in health care throughout the world Role of the nurse is defined poorly in lesser-developed countries Care often depends on physicians Leaders during and recovery from natural disasters Role of nursing changing in China High physician-to-population ratio in some countries

  10. Major Global Health Organizations Multilateral organizations WHO, UNICEF, PAHA, World Bank Bilateral organization USAID Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or private voluntary organizations (PVOs) Oxfam, Project Hope, International Red Cross, Catholic Relief Services (CRS), church-sponsored health care missionaries

  11. Global Health and Global Development Global health diplomacy Example: the Uganda project Improvement in overall health status of a population contributes to the economic growth of a country in several ways.

  12. Health Care Systems The Netherlands Japan Canada Mexico The United Kingdom China

  13. The Netherlands Residents are required to purchase health insurance. Insurance provided by private health care insurers Insurers required to accept every resident in their coverage area Tax credits given to low income patients People under age 18 insured at no cost Exceptional Medical Expenses Act

  14. Japan All citizens required to have health insurance Either through employer-based health insurance program or through the national health care program Public assistance available for those who cannot afford the premiums Insurers are not-for-profit Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare and fixes health service prices patients have access to all health institutions and choose their provider

  15. Canada Publicly funded and administered universal health care system delivers care primarily through private providers Private insurance exists to cover any gaps in services Gaps example: long waiting times on specialty coverage Patients pay no co-pays or deductibles Patients can choose their doctor

  16. Mexico Fractionalized system with variety of public programs No universal coverage, but social security administered system covers the unemployed Private insurance mostly used by wealthy Seguro Popular program – set up to cover more of the uninsured Out-of-pocket payments account for more than half of financing for the health care system

  17. The United Kingdom Tax-supported health system that is owned and operated by the government Services available to all citizens for free or a small fee Physicians paid by number of patients they serve rather than by individual visits

  18. China Chinese collective system emphasized the common good for all people, not individuals or special groups Financed through cooperative insurance plans Owned and controlled by the state Used barefoot doctors Health care managed by Ministry of Public Health Set national health policy Recent economic reforms led to decline in health care, especially in rural areas

  19. Major Global Health Problems and the Burden of Disease Communicable Diseases Diarrheal Disease Maternal and Women’s Health Nutrition and World Health Natural and Man-Made Disasters

  20. Communicable Diseases Immunization Prevention through immunization and improving environmental conditions Eradication of smallpox throughout the world Tuberculosis (TB) Largest cause of death from a single infectious agent AIDS Increasing incidence in adolescents, young adults, and heterosexuals Malaria Affects more than 50% of the world’s population

  21. Diarrheal Disease One of the leading causes of illness and death in children less than 5 years of age throughout the world Each year there are 1.6 million diarrheal deaths related to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene Rampant among the impoverished Many countries have developed diarrhea control programs that improve childhood nutrition.

  22. Maternal and Women’s Health A woman’s ability to survive pregnancy and childbirth is indicative of the society in which she lives. Maternal health has widespread effects on children and families. Most deaths to women around the world are related to pregnancy and childbirth. Safe motherhood initiatives are still needed.

  23. Nutrition and World Health Poor nutrition by itself or that associated with infectious disease accounts for a large portion of the world’s disease burden. Many children around the world are underweight and have multiple micronutrient deficiencies. Improved nutrition is related to stronger immune systems, decreased illness, better maternal and child health, longer life spans, and improved learning outcomes for children.

  24. Natural and Man-Made Disasters Natural disasters Earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, hurricanes, cyclones, droughts Typically the poor are the worst hit due to their lack of resources to cope and rebuild. Man-Made disasters Bioterrorism attack Chemical emergency Radiation poisoning Genocide

  25. Surveillance Systems Used to track potential risks for intentional harm to the people of the world Four primary tasks: Systematic disease intelligence and detection Outbreak verification Immediate alert Rapid response

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