Ancient Greece

1. Ancient Greece GEOMETRIC PERIOD 900-700BC ARCHAIC PERIOD 700-480BC (MIDDLE OF THE 5TH CENTURE BC= The Golden Age) CLASSICAL PERIOD 480-323 BC HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-31 BC BYZANTINE EMPIRE 330-1453 AD Statue of a kouros (youth), ca. 590–580 b.c.; Archaic Greek, Attic Naxian marble

2. “For we are lovers of the beautiful, yet with simplicity, and w cultivate the mind without loss of manliness. . . We are the school of Greece.” Pericles

3. In the humanistic view, man is what matters, and he is, in the words of Protagoras, the “measure of all things”

4. “all men by nature desire to know.” Aristotle

5. Greek culture is a synthesis of opposites ie Passion and Reason

6. Greek culture defines Man’s intelligence, which puts him far above the beast as shown in Paleolithic times.

7. The constants of Greek culture were man, nature, and reason

8. What has Ancient Greece Given Us? • Word History-comes from Greek word historia meaning inquiry • The alphabet • Drama-Comedies and Tragedies (Birth of Theatre in Athens 508BC • Science • Mathematics • Philosophy (ethics, justice)

9. 7. words relating to ideas and classification 8. Greek architecture (Doric and Ionic) used by Romans, Georgians, and Victorians for government buildings, universities, colleges 9. Government (world’s first democracy) 10. Art (Classical and Hellenist Periods gave advances in painting and sculpture that would later influence Renaissance)

10. 11. Music 12. Literature (Homer, the Iliad) 13. Weapons (mechanised bow and arrow, catapult) 14. Communication (Telegraphy and Semaphore)

11. 15. Olympic Games 776 BC 16. First Computer (first planetarium) • Museums (Hellenistic Greece) • Libraries (Hellenistic Greece) • Logic

12. Geometric period ca. 900 to 700 B.C. Statuette of a horse, 8th century B.C.; Geometric Greek Bronze

13. Geometric Period900-700BC • Abstract Geometric Patterns • The Greek city-state (polis) was formed • Greek alphabet was developed • construction of large temples and sanctuaries dedicated to patron deities • Pan-Hellenic sanctuaries dedicated to the Olympian gods. • Homer, whose epic poems describe the Greek campaign against Troy (the Iliad) • The armed warrior, the chariot, and the horse are the most familiar symbols of the Geometric period. • Bronze and clay primary materials

14. ARCHAIC PERIOD 700-480BC • Middle of the 5th Century BC is considered the Golden Age (significant advancements in art science and architecture) • Introduction of Democracy in Athens 510-507BC

15. CLASSICAL PERIOD 480-323 BC • The Age of Perikles 440-429BC • After the defeat of the Persians in 479 B.C., Athens dominated Greece politically, economically, and culturally. • Perikles (r. ca. 461–429 B.C.), the most creative and adroit statesman of the third quarter of the fifth century B.C., transformed the Akropolis into a lasting monument to Athen's newfound political and economic power • One of the far-reaching innovations in sculpture at this time, and one of the most celebrated statues of antiquity, was the nude Aphrodite of Knidos, by the Athenian sculptor Praxiteles. Praxiteles' creation broke one of the most tenacious conventions in Greek art in which the female figure had previously been shown draped. Its slender proportions and distinctive contrapposto stance became hallmarks of fourth-century B.C. Greek sculpture.

16. Although the high point of Classical expression was short-lived, it is important to note that it was forged during the Persian Wars (490–479 B.C.) and continued after the Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.) between Athens and a league of allied city-states led by Sparta. The conflict continued intermittently for nearly thirty years.

17. Statuette of the Diadoumenos (youth tying a fillet around his head), 1st century b.c. Greek; copy of a Greek bronze statue by Polykleitos, ca. 430 b.c. Terracotta

18. HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-31 BC Head of Athena, Hellenistic, late 3rd–early 2nd century b.c. Greek Marble H. 19 in. (48.3 cm) Purchase, Lila Acheson Wallace Gift, 1996 (1996.178)

19. HELLENISTIC PERIOD 323-31 BC • Between 334 and 323 B.C., Alexander the Great and his armies conquered much of the known world, creating an empire that stretched from Greece and Asia Minor through Egypt and the Persian empire in the Near East to India. • Greek artistic styles exposed to a host of new exotic influences. • New Naturalistic Style • Death of Alexander the great in 323 marks the start of the Hellenistic Period • Romans ruled between 146BC and 330AD

20. Hellenistic kings became prominent patrons of the arts, commissioning public works of architecture and sculpture, as well as private luxury items that demonstrated their wealth and taste.

21. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 330-1453 AD Pectoral Cross, 6th–7th century Byzantine (Constantinople?) Gold • From 1 AD the Romans ruled the Balkans • Rome weakend by attacks from Goths (Germanic people from Southern Scandinavia) • Constantinople founded as New Rome • Christianity marks beginning of Byzantine era in Greece

22. Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 532–37, view of southern facade.

23. Icon with the Presentation of Christ in the Temple, 1400–1500 Byzantine Wood, painted, with gold ground

24. Hallmarks of Greek Art Precision Excellence Workmanship

25. Architecture • Key buildings are • Temple of Apollo at Corinth 6th C BC • Temple of Aphaia at Aegina 500-480 BC (shows transition from wood to marble) • Parthenon 447-432BC • Akropolis • Styles Doric, Ionian, Corinthian • Byzantian: Hagia Sophia

26. Classical Greek Akropolis5th Century BC

27. Ionic capital, torus (foliated base), and parts of a fluted column shaft from the Temple of Artemis at Sardis, 4th century B.C. Greek, Lydian Marble

28. Athenian Vase Painting: Black- and Red-Figure Techniques • http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vase/hd_vase.htm

29. BLACK FIGURE TECHNIQUEPanathenaicamphora, ca. 530 B.C.; ArchaicAttributed to the Euphiletos PainterGreek, AtticTerracotta

30. RED FIGURE TECHNIQUECalyx-krater (mixing bowl) with theatrical scene, ca. 400–390 B.C.; red-figureAttributed to the Tarporley PainterGreek, South Italian, ApulianTerracotta