Monocotyledons : monocots, Monocotyledoneae , or Liliopsida

1. Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida Chapter 7 Simpson, 2nd Edition

3. Monocots • 22% of all angiosperms • 56,000 species Diversity of Orders/Families • Table 7.2 p. 204 • Table 7.3 p. 231

4. Class Liliopsida According to Cronquist, 1988

5. Monocot Apomorphies • sieve tube plastids with cuneateproteinaceous inclusions

6. Monocot Apomorphies • atactostele stem vasculature • “random” v.b. scattered in stem • thus no vascular cambium & no true secondary growth

7. Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: stele types Fig 10.16 Protostele Siphonostele Siphonostele Dictyostele Atactostele Eustele

8. Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: secondary growth Fig 10.18

9. Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: secondary growth Fig 10.19

10. Monocot Apomorphies Quick review: secondary growth Figs 10.20-21

11. Monocot Apomorphies • atactostele stem vasculature • “random” v.b. scattered in stem • thus no vascular cambium & no true secondary growth

12. Monocot Apomorphies • parallel leaf venation (most spp)

13. Monocot Apomorphies • single cotyledon

14. Monocots Characteristics • derived from primitive dicots • by Lower Cretaceous... • wide variety of monocot leaves (100 mya) • monocots were the first significant dichotomy in the evolutionary diversification of the dicots

15. A. Order Alismatales • 13 families (2 covered) • well developed perianth • perianthbiseriate, 3-parted • sensu = in the sense of • s.s. = sensustricto – strict sense • s.l. = sensulato – broad sense “The order has often been split into the Arales (containing only the Araceae) and the Alismatales, s.s. (largely equivalent to the Alismatidae, sensuCronquist 1981, and Takhtajan 1997), but some recent molecular studies unite these two groups.”

16. sea-grasses: HydrocharitaceaeThallasia

17. P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 A4,6,8 or (4,6,8) G(3) superior A. Order Alismatales Araceae- Arum family 104/3300 cosmopolitan; tropical and subtropical diversity perennial herbs spathe - large bract or leaf subtending a spadix; may be rolled into a tube with the spadix inside [as in Calla lilly] spadix - a spike of small flowers on a fleshy axis; perfect or imperfect flowers many spadix are monoecious with staminate flowers on the upper half and pistillate on the lower half insect pollinated; some with strong odors (meat colored arum lilies - see video) plant tissues with calcium oxalate - this can cause a mechanical injury to the mucosal linings some worldwide economic importance number 1 houseplant family

18. A. Order Alismatales Araceae- Arum family http://www.londongardenstrust.org Lemna – duck weed Amorphophallustitanum– the largest inflorescence of any flowering plant Wolffia– a floating aquatic in flower: P0 A1 G1 Worlds smallest flower

19. Philodendron Dieffenbachia - dumbcane Spathiphyllum - peace lily Colocasia esculenta - Elephant Ear or Taro A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family

20. Anthurium Zantedeschia - calla lilly Colocasia - taro A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family

21. A. Order Alismatales Araceae - Arum family Arisaema triphyllum - jack-in-the-pulpit

22. Alisma - water plaintain K3 C3A6,9-∞ G3-∞ superior A. Order Alismatales Alismataceae - water plantain family 15/88 aquatic & semiaquatic; temperate & tropic aquatic herbs scapose apocarpous arrowhead shaped leaves - in our species (Sagittaria) fruit an achene fruit and corm/rhizome important wildlife foodsource

23. A. Order Alismatales Alismataceae - water plantain family Sagittaria arrow-leaf

24. B. Order Liliales large monocot group 10 families, only 1 covered here much taxonomic revision Liliaceaes.l. contained over 280 genera and 4000 species

25. B. Order Liliales P3+3 A3+3 G(3) superior Liliaceae- lily family 16/600 cosmopolitan perennial, terrestrial herbs (shrubs, woody vines) bulbs, corms, rhizomes common petaloidperianth of tepals fruit a berry or capsule sheathing leaves, rarely petiolate, simple past treatment as a large polymorphic assemblage which is now broken into segregate families

26. B. Order Liliales Lilium Liliaceae - lily family Tulipa Erythronium Calochortus

27. B. Order Liliales Liliaceae- lily family Erythroniumalbidum a spring ephemeral in our riparian woodlands dalebenhamphotography 2010 Minnesota dwarf trout lily surveys at Nerstrand Big Woods State Park, Minnesota. Several volunteers participated in these surveys led by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Nancy Sather (left) and Derek Anderson (right), Minnesota DNR, show a volunteer how to mark Minnesota dwarf trout lilies with flags to aid counts. Photo by USFWS; Tamara Smith http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/taxonomy/plants/

28. C. Order Asparagales 14 families sensu APG III but Simpson recognizes 24 families likely apomorphy is presence of black substance (phytomelan) in seed coat but not found in Orchidaceae Many recent changes in family delineations Agapanthus Yucca Day-lily Orchid Iris

29. Agapanthus Yucca

30. P3+3 A(6) G(3) superior or inferior, hypanthium in some C. Order Asparagales Agavaceae– agave family (=admired one) 8/300 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity Yucca moth (Tegiticula) – symbiosis perennial subshrubs, shrubs, trees, herbs stems acaulescent caudex leaves xeromorphic fruit a capsule xeric to mesic habitats often with CAM photosynthesis indigenous sue for fiber, food beverages, soap, medicinals Yucca glauca – soapweed in Western NE

31. Agavaceae– agave family C. Order Asparagales

32. C. Order Asparagales Agavaceae– agave family Agave - Century plant

33. Agavaceae– agave family C. Order Asparagales