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Nutrition of Laboratory Animals

Nutrition of Laboratory Animals. Peter Bollen pbollen@health.sdu.dk. Overview. Digestive tract Nutrient requirements Feeding schedules Impact of nutrition on research. The digestive tract of animals. The digestive tract of rabbits and rats. The digestive tract of pigs and dogs.

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Nutrition of Laboratory Animals

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  1. Nutrition of Laboratory Animals Peter Bollen pbollen@health.sdu.dk

  2. Overview • Digestive tract • Nutrient requirements • Feeding schedules • Impact of nutrition on research

  3. The digestive tract of animals

  4. The digestive tract of rabbits and rats

  5. The digestive tract of pigs and dogs

  6. Comparative anatomy of the ventricle • Functional ventricle tissue with HCl & pepsin secretion • Cardiac region, poor in glands • Pylorus with hormone production

  7. Nutrient requirements • Nutrient requirements species monographs, National Research Council, Washington DC • www.nap.edu

  8. Nutrient Requirements of Swine:10th Revised EditionSubcommittee on Swine Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 210 pages, 1998. • Nutrient Requirements of FishSubcommittee on Fish Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 124 pages, 1993. • Nutrient Requirements of Cats,Revised Edition, 1986Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 88 pages, 1986. • Nutrient Requirements of Dogs,Revised 1985Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 88 pages, 1985. • Nutrient Requirements of Sheep,Sixth Revised Edition, 1985Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 112 pages, 1985. • Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes,Second Revised Edition, 1982Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 72 pages, 1982. • Nutrient Requirements of Goats:Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical CountriesCommittee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 84 pages, 1981. • Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits,Second Revised Edition, 1977Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 30 pages, 1977. • Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Revised Edition, 1995Committee on Animal Nutrition, National Research Council8.5 x 11, 192 pages, 1995.

  9. Nephrocalcinosis (NC) occurred in control rats in toxicity testing Nutritional research demonstrated relation to phosphate levels: 0.2% no NC 0.4% variable NC 0.6% massive NC Variable dietary content of phosphate results in variable research results Phosphate requirements for rats

  10. Requirement for phosphate: 0.3% (NRC 1995) Natural diets have higher and variable levels of phosphate: 0.46-0.75% Phosphate requirements for rats

  11. Synthetic diets Purified or synthetic ingredients Protein source (e.g. casein, albumin) Carbohydrate source (e.g. starch) Fat source (e.g. mais oil) Vitamins & minerals Controlled quality Natural diets Crop plants Wheat/barley Soy Maize corn Concentrates Fish meal Molasses Vitamins & minerals Varied quality Laboratory animal diets

  12. Feed intake • Voluntary feed intake is primary regulated by the energy content of the diet • A typical commercial rat diet consists of 50% carbohydrates. 25% proteins and 5% fat, and contains therefore 14.4 kJ/g metabolisable energy (ME) • Energy sources: carbohydrates (16.8 kJ/g), fat (37.8 kJ/g), proteins (16.8 kJ/g) • Feed intake is calculated by division of the energy requirement of the animal with the ME content of the diet

  13. Comparative basal heat production 70 kcal/kg0.75/day ~ 300 kJ/ kg0.75 /day

  14. Ad libitum feed intake • Ad libitum (AL) feed intake coveres in principle the energy requirement (animals eat for energy)… • ...but, housing conditions in laboratory animal facilities result in overnutrition at AL feeding: • no labour • boredom • luxus consumption

  15. AL has negative effects: Obesity Degenerative kidney disease Degenerative heart disease Early cancer Higher cancer frequency Higher mortality Keenan 1999 Ad libitum feed intake

  16. Restricted feeding • Feed Restriction (FR) results in a better long-term health • FR minimises variation in research results • FR results in optimal use of nutrients and generally in more robust animals • Weight loss after surgery is less in FR than in AL fed animals

  17. Meal feeding in rabbits • Influence of feeding time in rabbits: • 8.00 hrs. • 14.00 hrs. • Stereotypic behaviour was reduced significantly by feeding in the afternoon Krohn 1999

  18. Impact of nutrition on research • Concealed effects of nutrition • deviations from nutrient requirements • time of feeding • Dietary induced diseases • atherosclerosis research

  19. Cholesterol in rabbits • The rabbit is an established model in atherosclerosis research • Cholesterol is hepatotoxic in rabbits • The cholesterol level should not exceed 0.5% The Biology of the laboratory Rabbit, 1995

  20. Cholesterol in rabbits • Cholesterol levels exceeding 0.5% result in lever cirrhosis • This has a negative impact on research results

  21. Nutrient requirements are important for maintaining a normal physiology Commercial diets have natural ingredients with a high variability and often are nutrients present above the recommended requirements Feeding regimen has an impact on animal physiology and behaviour (ad libitum vs. restricted feeding) Nutrients can be used to induce disease models Summary

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