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Nutrition of Companion Animals – 2 March 13, 2013

Nutrition of Companion Animals – 2 March 13, 2013. M.E. Persia Iowa State University 4/16/2012. Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats. NRC for Domestic Cat (National Research Council) National Academies www.nap.edu = $265.50 AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials)

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Nutrition of Companion Animals – 2 March 13, 2013

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  1. Nutrition of Companion Animals – 2March 13, 2013 M.E. Persia Iowa State University 4/16/2012

  2. Nutrient Requirements for Dogs and Cats • NRC for Domestic Cat (National Research Council) • National Academies • www.nap.edu = $265.50 • AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) • www. aafco.org = $50.00

  3. NRC Presentation of Requirements • Expressed relative to ME • ME determines the amount of food consumed. • If energy density of the diet changes, nutrients don’t change if expressed on an ME basis. • 4,000 Kcal per Kg. • Accounts for variation among diets in ME • Expressed relative to MBW • Limitation in that it’s based on calculations from assumptions • 15 Kg dog consuming 1,000 Kcal daily = maintenance • 5.5 Kg puppy consuming 1,000 Kcal daily = growth • 22 Kg lactating female with 8 puppies consuming 5,000 Kcal daily = lactation • Expressed as a factor of Metabolic Body Weight (MBW): • BWKg 0.75 for dogs • BWKg 0.67 for cats

  4. Why basing on ME is more ideal • To correct when you don’t have a 4,000 Kcal diet: • (Nutrient requirement x Kcal of ME in diet) / 4,000 = adjusted requirement • = (0.48 g /day x 3,000 Kcal)/4000 Kcal = 0.36 g / day • Can also be done on an individual basis

  5. Canine Nutrient Recommended Allowances - Dogs (2006, NRC) Nutrient Amt/Kg DM Amt/1,000 Amt/MBW (4000 Kcal) Kcal (Kg0.75) Protein (g) 100 25 3.28 Fat (g) 55 13.8 1.8 Vitamin A, (RE) 1,515 379 50 Vitamin D (ug) 13.8 3.4 0.45 Vitamin E (mg) 30 7.5 1.0 Calcium (g) 4.0 1.0 0.13 Phosphorus (g) 3.0 0.75 0.10

  6. Feline Nutrient Recommended Allowances (2006, NRC) Nutrient Amt/Kg DM Amt/1,000 Amt/MBW (4000 Kcal) Kcal (Kg0.67) Protein (g) 200 50 4.96 Fat (g) 90 22.52.2 Vitamin A, (RE) 1,000 25024.7 Vitamin D (ug) 7 1.750.17 Vitamin E (mg) 38 100.94 Calcium (g) 2.9 0.720.071 Phosphorus (g) 2.6 0.640.063 Taurine (g) 0.40 0.10 0.010

  7. How much to feed: energy requirements • Based on resting energy requirement (RER) modified by a factor to account for activity and/or production and is a function of Metabolic Body Size. • Large animals produce more heat per unit of body weight (surface area) Body surface area became standard for determining energy requirements

  8. Problems with Body Surface Area • Same weight – different shape • Larger issue with dogs than cats

  9. How much to feed • Why that one? • Accounts a bit better for size differences in dogs • Works well for other other species – frequently used • Well accepted • Using RER • 70 + 30 (BWKg) • 70 (BWkg) 0.75 • 97 (BWkg) 0.67 • NRC Method • Dog: 95 – 200 x BW Kg 0.75 (common factor is 130) • Tends to overestimate ME requirement • Cats: 50 – 150 x BW Kg 0.67

  10. Cats – Using RER • Maintenance • 1.1 – 1.6 x RER • Weight loss = 0.8 x RER • Gestation • 2 x RER at parturition • Lactation • Week 1-2 = RER + 30% per kitten • Week 3 = RER + 45% per kitten • Week 4 – RER + 55% per kitten • Week 5 = RER + 65% per kitten • Week 6 = RER + 90% per kitten • Growth • RER x 2.5

  11. Dogs • Maintenance • 1 – 1.8 x RER • Work • 1.3 – 16 x RER • 16 x RER = sled dogs (Iditirod) • Up to 11,000 Kcal day • Gestation • Last 20 days = 2-3 x RER • Lactation • 1 puppy = 3 x RER • 2 puppies = 3.5 x RER • 3 puppies = 4.0 x RER • 4 puppies = 5.0 x RER • 7-8 puppies = 5.5 x RER • >9 puppies = 6 x RER • Growth • Weaning to 4 months = 3 x RER • 4 months to 80% adult weight = 2 x RER • Less for large breed – control growth

  12. Feed to Ideal Body Condition

  13. Determining ME in Diets • Metabolism trials – collection of urine and feces: Determine GE, DE, and ME • Modified Atwater values • Most accurate values to use when known nutrients: • 9.4 Kcal / gram = Crude fat • 4.4 Kcal / gram = Protein • 4.2 Kcal /gram = digestible carbohydrate (CHO) = (no crude fiber)

  14. Determining ME in foods • Apply digestibility coefficients use “modified” Atwater values from AAFCO. • If not known, estimates for dogs and cats are: • 80% for protein = 3.5 Kcal / g (4.4 x 0.80) = 3.5 Kcal • 90% for fat = 8.5 Kcal / g (9.4 x 0.90) = 8.5 Kcal • 84% for CHO = 3.5 Kcal / g (4.2 x 0.84) = 3.5 Kcal

  15. Carnivore Unique Requirements • Obligate or True carnivores (Cats) • Protein requirements for cats are 2-5 times greater than omnivores. • Cat NRC 2006 protein = 50 g/1000 kcal • Dog NRC 2006 protein = 25 g/1000 kcal

  16. CATS – they are just special • High protein requirement • Specific requirement for amino acids: • Arginine (1.93 g / 1,000 Kcal ME) • Taurine (0.10 g / 1,000 Kcal ME) • Phenylalanine and tyrosine (black cats) • Fatty Acid: Arachidonic Acid (0.015 g / 1,000 Kcal ME • Vitamin A: 833 IU / 1,000 Kcal ME • Vitamin D: 70 IU / 1,000 Kcal ME • Inability to convert tryptophan to niacin 10 mg / 1,000 Kcal ME

  17. Citrulline Ornithine Arginosuccinate Arginine Protein Metabolism – The Urea Cycle Cats can not down regulate this cycle. It moves at a constant rate, always breaking down protein to supply the nitrogen to the urea cycle. NH 3+ Urea

  18. When we eat a high protein diet: • High liver metabolic enzyme activity • High amino acid breakdown • High nitrogen disposal • High rate of gluconeogenesis • Advantage of this metabolic adaptation: Catabolize excess amino acids and remove excess nitrogenous wastes

  19. Black Cats phenylalanine • Higher requirement for • Phenylalanine • Tyrosine • Black color is determined by the proportion of Eumelanin (black pigment) to Pheomelanin (red-brown pigment) • Requirement of 3.8 g/1,000 kcal • Anderson et al. J.Nutr.132: 2037-2042, 2002

  20. Why taurine? • What is taurine? • Free amino acid found in tissues • Where is it found? • Heart (myocardium) • Dilated cardiomyopathy • Eye (retina) • Feline central retinal degeneration • Requirement (2006, NRC) = 0.10 g / 1, 000 Kcal Cysteine Pyruvate Taurine

  21. Citrulline Ornithine Arginosuccinate Arginine Arginine – Cat Requirement • Critical for urea cycle and ammonia handling Cats do not make arginine at a quick enough rate to keep up with nitrogen handling. Arginine deficiency will cause hyperammonemia Urea

  22. Arachidonic acid • What is it? • Fatty acid • Requirement for cats = 0.015 g/1,000 kcal • Synthesized from linoleic acid • Deficiency of arachidonic acid • Poor growth, hair loss, rough hair coat, poor immunity, slow healing, skin lesions, fatty livers. • Source: animal fats

  23. Adapted from table in “Fats You Need – Essential Fatty Acids.” Δ-6-desaturase elongase Linoleic Acid Gamma-Linoleic Acid Δ-5-desaturase Dihomo-Gamma-Linoleic Acid Arachidonic Acid Dogs and Cats Require LA: Cats specifically require Arachidonic Acid • Conversion of the substrate linoleic acid to arachidonic acid • Two enzymatic reactions • Desaturation and elongation • Cats are unable to make this conversion • Lack the proper enzymes

  24. Vitamins (A, D, niacin) • Most mammals synthesize or convert compounds to active forms of vitamins A, D, and niacin. • Tryptophan conversion to niacin. • Limited vitamin D conversion in skin. • Limited conversion of carotenoid to A. • Very high concentrations of vitamins in liver.

  25. Diet Decisions and Alternatives • Commercial Diets • Alternative Diets • Whole prey • Raw • Mixed of above

  26. Client Reasons for Alternative Diets • Natural ingredients • Unprocessed • Control of ingredients • Control of formulations • Provide appropriate amounts of dietary water • Cats: Prey = 70% water; Kibble = 10% water. Impact on kidneys? • Palatability • Increased digestibility – less excrement to clean up • Less fecal odor (putrefactive compounds in feces) • Easy to manipulate • Can be specifically matched to natural history and requirements • Beneficial probiotic strains, natural enzymatic activity of meat

  27. Whole Prey (total nutrient package): Where do nutrients come from Hides, fur, hooves, connective tissue = provide minerals (Zn); fiber; dental health, natural glucosamine Muscle = protein (amino acids), fat (fatty acids), energy Organs = vitamins (A, D), protein, fat, energy, taurine, carbohydrates, fiber Blood = protein, fat, energy, vitamins (heart), water Bones = Minerals (calcium; dental health)

  28. Alternative diet formulation concerns • Bacteria • Poorly formulated • Minerals (Ca, P, Zn, Cu, I) • Vitamins (Fat soluble vitamins, choline) • “Diet Drift”

  29. Issues with Raw Diets: Bacterial Contamination • Typical home-made raw or zoo formula 1,000,000 cfu • Purchased commercial raw (HPP) 10,000 cfu • Fresh kill whole prey (elk) 5,500,000 cfu • Whole prey (rodent) 2,000,000 cfu • Considerations • Salmonella - poultry • E. coli • Problematic for • Geriatric animals • Antibiotic treatments • Immuno-compromised animals • Humans (Salmonella recalls are greater concern for people not pets)

  30. Whole Prey Nutrients Dierenfeld, 2002; Morris 2011 (unpublished lab data)

  31. Domestic Cats – Diet Comparisons Kerr et al., 2011. Journal of Animal Science

  32. Biological Research: Comparison of Organic Matter digestibility (%) of chicken based diets in African wildcats and domestic cats Canned Kibble Raw Diet Whole Prey

  33. Nutrient Digestibility of extruded, raw, and cooked beef based diets in domestic cats

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