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CHAPTER 20

1912–1920. CHAPTER 20. WAR AND REVOLUTION. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ. “Let the capitalists do their own fighting and furnish their own corpses, and there will never be another war on the face of the earth.”. Eugene Debs, Socialist, 1914. TIMELINE.

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CHAPTER 20

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  1. 1912–1920 CHAPTER 20 WAR AND REVOLUTION CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “Let the capitalists do their own fighting and furnish their own corpses, and there will never be another war on the face of the earth.” Eugene Debs, Socialist, 1914

  3. TIMELINE 1908 Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia-Herzogovina 1911 Madero overthrows Diaz in Mexico 1912 Socialist Party member elected to U.S. House of Representatives 1913 In Mexico Madero assassinated; Huerta 1914 Huerta forced out of office in Mexico; Pancho Villa leads revolt against Carranza NAACP has membership of 6,000 in 50 branches in the U.S. June: Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife shot and killed in Sarajevo 1915 Wilson sends troops to Haiti and the Dominican Republic British liner the Lusitania sunk by German U-boat

  4. TIMELINE continued 1917 U.S. buys Danish West Indies Germany announces unlimited submarine warfare in the Atlantic Revolution in Russia April: U.S. Congress votes to enter the war June: Espionage Act passed by Congress June: First U.S. soldiers arrive in France 1918 January: President Wilson’s 14 Points address (League of Nations) March: German offensive along the Somme River May: Sedition Act July: Allied counteroffensive begins October: Germans propose armistice based on the 14 Points

  5. TIMELINE continued 1919 The Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the vote The Treaty of Versailles

  6. WAR AND REVOLUTION Overview • A World in Upheaval • The Great War and American Neutrality • The United States Goes to War • The Struggle to Win Peace

  7. A WORLD IN UPHEAVAL • The Apex of European Conquest • Confronting Revolutions Abroad • Conflicts Over Hierarchies At Home

  8. The Apex of European Conquest • Central Powers: Germany, Austria, and Italy • Triple Entente or Allies: France, Russia, and Britain • Austro-Hungary expands by annexing Bosnia-Herzogovina • Goals of both to dominate the Balkans and control the Mediterranean Sea

  9. Confronting Revolutions Abroad • Haiti and the Dominican Republic • Mexico • Diaz • Madero • Huerta • Carranza • Villa • General Pershing

  10. Conflicts Over Hierarchies At HomeAfrican Americans • African Americans • Jim Thorpe and the 1912 Olympic Games in Sweden • Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race • D.W. Griffith inspires rebirth of Ku Klux Klan with Birth of a Nation

  11. Conflicts Over Hierarchies at Home Women • Women • Jeannette Rankin, Congresswoman from Montana • Carrie Chapman Catt and the American Women Suffrage • Alice Paul and the militant National Women’s Party • Sheppard-Towner Act • Socialist Margaret Sanger and birth control

  12. Conflict Over Hierarchies at Home Workers • Workers • 60% of wealth belongs to 2% of population • Socialist Party and the Industrial Workers of the World • Strikes and Violence • Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel and Iron Company • The Department of Labor • William B. Wilson • U.S. Committee on Industrial Relations • Frank Walsh

  13. THE GREAT WAR AND AMERICAN NEUTRALITY • “The One Great Nation at Peace” • Reform Priorities at Home • The Great Migration • Limits to American Neutrality

  14. “The One Great Nation at Peace” • Neutrality is profitable: farm and factories trade abroad, banks loan money to the Entente, and the U.S. is no longer a debtor nation. • The new-style warfare: machine guns, poison gas, trench warfare. • Neutrality makes political sense: new, diverse European immigrants doing battle in their old homelands? European hatreds dangerous to the balance of the diverse American communities

  15. Reform Priorities at Home • The Progressive Movement • The Federal Reserve Act • Federal Reserve Board • Underwood-Simmons Tariff • Clayton Antitrust Act • Sherman Antitrust Act • Keating-Owens Act

  16. The Great Migration • At least 500,000 African Americans moved from the South to northern cities • Mexican and Mexican Americans in jobs across the Southwest and Midwest

  17. Limits to American Neutrality • The British pull • Economic ties to the Allies • Theodore Roosevelt leads in preparing nation for war. “. . .the only way to yank the hyphen out of America.” • Opposition to war from Progressives; • Debs: “Let the capitalists do their own fighting and furnish their own corpses, and there will never be another war. . .”

  18. THE UNITED STATES GOES TO WAR • The Logic of Belligerency • Mobilizing the Home Front • Ensuring Unity • The War in Europe

  19. The Logic of Belligerency • Neutral nation’s right to trade with belligerents dealt blow by German U-boats and civilian deaths • Sinking of the Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex • Mexico and Germany • April 6, 1917: Congress votes to enter the “war to end all wars”

  20. Mobilizing the Home Front • The War Industries Board • The Shipping Board • Food Administration • Fuel Administration • Railroad Administration • War Trade Board • War Labor Board

  21. Ensuring Unity • Creel Committee • George Creel sells the war to the public with pamphlets, leaflets, anti-German posters, and movies • Espionage Act: $10,000 fine and 20 years for obstructing the draft or encouraging disloyalty • Sedition Act: Extends Espionage Act to “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” toward government, Constitution, flag or military

  22. The War in Europe • American Expeditionary Force • Gen. John J. Pershing • July 4th 1917: Americans parade in Paris • 260,00 African Americans serve in WWI. Assigned menial jobs, barred from Marines • October: Allies stop Germans 40 miles from Paris • Allies’ Meuse-Argonne counterattack on July 18th, 1918 • Russian Revolution

  23. Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918

  24. THE STRUGGLE TO WIN PEACE • Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty • Waging Counterrevolution Abroad • The Red and Black Scares at Home

  25. Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty • The “Big Three”: • Woodrow Wilson of America • David Lloyd George of Great Britain • Georges Clemenceau of France • The Negotiations • Germany loses the Saar Valley • “The Polish Corridor” divides Germany • Germany army and navy reduced • Reparations of $33 billion • “War Guilt” clause

  26. Waging Counterrevolution Abroad • The Russian Bolshevik Revolution • Trotsky and Lenin • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Russian and German peace agreement

  27. The Red and Black Scares at Home • Labor strikes • 1 out of 5 workers on strike in 1919 • AFL in Pittsburgh and the United Mine Workers • Boston police force • The “Red Scare” • Pinkertons and the Baldwin-Felts • “Palmer raids” • The “Black Scare” • Increased lynchings; William Brown in Omaha • Greenwood in Tulsa and Rosewood in Florida

  28. Europe After World War I

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