MODE OF DISCHARGE OF CONTRACTS

1. MODE OF DISCHARGE OF CONTRACTS PROF. V.N. PARTHIBAN, FICWA, LLM, ACS, FIII, AIII, ATC

2. Introduction • A contract is discharged when the rights and obligations created between the parties come to an end. Discharge or termination of contracts mean termination of contractual relations between the parties to a contract.

3. Contracts may be discharged or terminated by any one of the following modes: • By performance • By consent or agreement • By impossibility • By lapse of time • By operation of law • By breach of contract • By material alteration

4. Discharge by Performance Every person who is bound by an obligation must be ready to perform it at the time when he had promised to perform it (Sect. 37). No difficulties arise when the contract is fully performed, nor are there any serious difficulties when the contract consists of an absolute promise by A made to B for a consideration already received. Thus, when A contracts to sell his car to B for Rs.85,000 and as soon as the car is delivered to B and B pays the agreed price for it, the contract comes to an end by performance.

5. Tender TENDER: The offer of performance or tender has the same effect as performance. If a promisor tenders performance of his promise, but the other party refuses to accept it, the promisor stands discharged of his obligation.

6. Discharge by Mutual Consent (Sec. 62) • If the parties to a contract agree to substitute a new contract for it, or to rescind it or alter it, the original contract is disbarred. A contract may terminate by mutual consent in any of the following ways. • Novation • Novation means substitution of a new contract for the original one. The new contract may be substituted either between the same parties, or between different parties.

7. Rescission Rescission means cancellation of all or some of the terms of the contract. Where parties mutually decide to cancel the terms of the contract, the obligations of the parties there under terminate. • Alteration If the parties mutually agree to change certain terms of the contract, it has the effect of terminating the original contract. There is, however no change in the parties. • Remission Remission is the acceptance of a lesser sum than what was contracted for, or a lesser fulfillment of the promise made (Sec. 63).

8. Waiver Waiver means relinquishment or abandonment of a right. When a party waives his rights under the contract, the other party is released of his obligations. • Example: A promises to paint a picture for B. B, afterwards, forbids him to do so. A is no longer bound to perform the promise. • Merger A contract is said to have been discharged by way of merger where an inferior right possessed by a person coincides with a superior right of the same person.

9. Discharge by Impossibility of Performance • The law relating to discharge by impossibility of performance of a contract is laid down in Sec. 56 of the Contract Act. According to the Section; • ‘An agreement to do an act impossible in itself is void’. A contract to do an act which, becomes impossible after the contract is made, or by reason some event which the promisor could not prevent, is unlawful, becomes void.

10. Subsequent or Supervening Impossibility Destruction of subject-matter: When there is a contract in respect of a particular subject-matter, which is, later destroyed without the fault of the parties, the contract is discharged.

11. Non-existence of a state of things necessary for performance: When a contract is entered into on the basis of the continued existence of a certain state of things, the contract is discharged if the state of things changes or ceases to exist. • Death or personal incapacity: • Subsequent illegality When by a subsequent legislation, the performance of a contract is forbidden by law, the parties are absolved from the liability to perform it.

12. Declaration of war If war is declared between two countries, subsequent to the making of the contract, the parties would be exonerated from its performance. • Difficulty of performance: The mere fact that a performance is more difficult or expensive or less profitable than the parties anticipated does not discharge the duty of performance. Increased or unexpected difficulty and expense do not, as a rule, excuse from the performance.

13. Discharge by Operation of Law • Discharge under this head may take place as follows: • By merger • By unauthorized alteration of terms of a written document • By insolvency • By death

14. Discharge by Breach of Contract • A contract terminates by breach of contract. The breach of a contract may be: • Actual breach of contract • Constructive or anticipatory breach of contract. • The actual breach may take place: • At the time when performance is due, or • When actually performing the contract

15. Actual Breach of Contract • Breach at the time when performance is due: When a person fails to perform a contract when the performance is due, the other party can hold him liable for breach.

16. Breach during the performance of the contract: When a party apparently performs the promise but the other party says that it is not a proper performance, according to the contract, the question arises whether there is a breach of contract exonerating the other party from the performance of his part of the bargain.

17. Anticipatory Breach Contract • Anticipatory breach of contract occurs, when a party repudiated it before the time fixed for its performance has arrived, or when a party by his own act disables himself from performing the contract.

18. REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT • In case of breach of contract, the law provides the following remedies to a injured party: • Cancellation or rescission • Restitution • Specific performance • Injunction • Damages • Quantum meruit

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