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Benefits of Sharing and Reusing Learning Resources and How To Achieve Them

Benefits of Sharing and Reusing Learning Resources and How To Achieve Them. Frans Van Assche European Schoolnet. Closing the gap between the stakeholders perspective and Learning Technology (LT) experts. Objective of this study. What went wrong.

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Benefits of Sharing and Reusing Learning Resources and How To Achieve Them

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  1. Benefits of Sharing and Reusing Learning Resources and How To Achieve Them Frans Van Assche European Schoolnet

  2. Closing the gap between the stakeholders perspective and Learning Technology (LT) experts Objective of this study

  3. What went wrong • There is a disconnect between benefits as seen by the stakeholders and the LT experts • Stakeholders and LT experts did not communicate communicate too well in the past

  4. Today a deeper reflection Reflection on • What are the benefits of LT solutions offered? • Does it really work ? • Has it traction, has it a future ?

  5. How do we establish the benefits of LT solutions • Difficult with known software engineering techniques • Management science: Benefits Modelling Approach

  6. Benefits Modelling Approach Roles Benefits Enablers Line of Argument Apply it to sharing and re-use of educational content

  7. Warning Work in progress To be completed summer 2010 Context: the ASPECT project

  8. Agriculture: 379 results Food: 1,369 results Photosynthesis: 139 results

  9. M.I.T. Open Courseware

  10. MoE Ireland

  11. Promethean

  12. Example Sharing and Reuse • A teachermakes some material about the food pyramid • She uploads and describes this on Promethean Planet • Promethean Planet is harvested by the LRE • A librarian of an agricultural school with a subscription to the LRE finds this an interesting resource and includes it in the school repository • A teacher of this institution using Moodle finds it in the school repository • The teacher adapts the material • The teacher delivers it in the classroom

  13. Roles Roles Benefits Enablers Line of Argument

  14. Primary Roles • Author • User • Broker • Content provider • Educational portal provider • Institutional librarian • Rights broker • Repository/referatory owner • Consumer = Author or User

  15. Roles (continued) • Tools providers • Authoring tools including content packaging tools • Translation tools • Metadata editors • Vocabulary editors, vocabulary mapping tools, vocabulary banks • Automatic Metadata Generators • Automatic Metadata Translators • Harvesters • Metadata exchange tools (plug-ins, brokerage systems) • Metadata discovery tools • Digital Rights Management • (Federated) Identity Management • Identifier Management • Localisation tools • Educational Content Players • VLE, PLE • Procurement people • ICT co-ordinators • Policy makers • Researchers

  16. Benefits Roles Benefits Enablers Line of Argument

  17. Scoping of benefits • Benefits are a concrete expression why we do things • These expressions can be too general or too specific for our purpose. For example: • Too general: to foster the information society in Europe -> How • Too specific: to be able to identify a learning object in a unique way -> So what, why • Result of scoping: Benefits concerning share and reuse of educational content

  18. Benefits within the scope result from processes leading to sharing and reuse Basic Assumption

  19. Processes concerning educational contentSharing & Reuse Discovery Search Retract Soc . Recommend . Alerts Evaluate Expose Select Procure Gather Resolution Metadata Describe Enrich Get Create Integrate Reference or LO Adapt Adapt & Reuse Disaggregate Aggregate Modify the content Modify the sequence Integrate Use / Play Local Delete

  20. For each of these processes • A benefit arises when we can make the process more effective or more efficient • Effective • Greater effect • Good effect, an effect with value to some roles • Efficient • Aka Output/Input; costs • Greater value to roles at a lower cost

  21. Activities on Content • Create • Describe • Expose • Discover • Evaluate • Procurement • Resolution & Access control • Obtain • Gathering descriptive manifestations • Repurpose and reuse • Integrate • Using • Local delete • Retract Can we make them more effective or efficient ?

  22. Principles for content in schools • Match to the curriculum • Inclusion • Learner engagement • Innovative approaches • Effective learning • Formative assessment • Summative assessment • Coherence, consistency and transparency • Ease of use • Cost-effectiveness

  23. Activities on Collections • Create • Describe • Expose • Discover • Evaluate • Procurement • Resolution & Access control • Obtain • Gathering descriptive manifestations • Using • Local delete • Retract Can we make them more effective or efficient ?

  24. Enablers Roles Benefits Enablers Line of Argument

  25. Enablers • In a technological context when providing an IT system it includes often features of • Specifications • Tools and Services • Systems (i.e. systemic properties)

  26. Enablers • METADATA: • LRE Standards and specifications for LRE Metadata • The LRE application profile for ASPECT • Controlled multilingual vocabularies • Standards and specifications for Vocabularies

  27. Enablers • EXCHANGE PROTOCOLS • Which: SQI,SRU,SRW, OAI-PMH, SPI • Features • Allowing heterogeneity with respect to the exchange format (e.g. LOM or DC) • Allowing heterogeneity with respect to query language • Support of a synchronous mode of operation • Support of an asynchronous mode of operation • Supporting a stateful implementation • Supporting a stateless implementation • Separation of authentication issues • Available implementation; e.g. REST, web services, etc.

  28. Enablers • Query language • Which: CQL, PLQL, LRE-QL • Features • The expressive power • Providing different levels of expressive power. • The difficulty to provide an implementation for the query language • Domain independence • The level on which they operate. For example the conceptual level or data structures. • Human readable

  29. Enablers • CONTENT FORMATS • Which: MIME-types, SCORM, IMS-CC • Features • LOM metadata • Content packaging • Tracking User • Questions • Sequencing • Discussions • Tools • Roles • Lesson Plans & Curricula • Digital Rights Management • Profiles

  30. Enablers • IDENTIFIER SERVICE: FEATURES, FUNCTION & CAPABILITIES • Persistent Identifiers • Handle and the DOI System • ASPECT Deployed System • HTTP-based handle resolution services • The SIS service (i.e Simple Identifier Service) is a SOAP web service. Exposes CRUD semantics for administering handles • The SIS service uses the Primary LHS Server • The SIS service stores metadata together with the handles

  31. Enablers • STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR ACCESS CONTROL • May involve financial aspects • Holder may require the user to acknowledge a particular type of license • ASPECT recommends Creative Commons • IMS CC authorisation scheme • ASPECT: open authorisation scheme that can be profiled

  32. Enablers • LRE SERVICE CENTRE : FEATURES, FUNCTIONS & CAPABILITIES • Automatic Metadata Translation • Automatic metadata generation • A vocabulary bank for education and the application profile registry • Metadata and Vocabulary Transformer Service • Content Format Transformer Service

  33. Enablers • LRE INFRASTRUCTURE • Collecting and exposing metadata • Features • Collecting metadata is a recurring activity • The communication is synchronous or asynchronous • What triggers the collection activity (pull/push) • Tools for metadata providers • Harvesting target • SQI web-service client • SQI over REST client • SRU client • SRW client • SPI server • Tools for metadata brokers • Harvester • SQI web-service target • SQI over REST target • SRU server • SRW server • SPI target • Mass upload server • Brokerage system

  34. Enablers • LRE INFRASTRUCTURE • Repositories and referatories • MINOR, SCAM, Lucene, SOLR • Enriching metadata • By experienced indexers • By end-users • By automated tools

  35. Enablers • A COMPLIANCE TESTING SERVICE • For what • Metadata • Content • Services

  36. Enablers • DISCOVERY AND EVALUATION BY END-USERS • Search • Browse by subject, social tags, etc. • Faceted search • Filters • Relevance computation • Ratings and annotations • Social tagging • Social Bookmarking • Ranking and sorting • View details, thumbnails, and previews • Personalised search, browse, filters • Multilingualism • Alerts and other forms of selective dissemination of information • Social recommendations and other affinities • Selected collections

  37. Enablers • LRE ACCESS CONTROL • Distribution models • Open access, with no use restriction • Licensed access, NOT requiring that a license is acknowledged by the user before use • Licensed access, requiring that a license is acknowledged by the user before use • Credit-based access, requiring the payment in a virtual currency before use • Access control protocol • Learning Object broker acts as a trusted third party • Using a controlled environment before accessing the requested resource

  38. Enablers • CONTENT PLAYERS/VIEWERS • Which • Different MIME type viewers • SCORM player & Common cartridge player • Feature • Web Browser compatibility • Supporting full specs

  39. Brokering Content User User User Author Broker Content Gathering Provider Broker User User Provider Broker Consumer Broker User Author Provider Broker Content Delivery

  40. Brokering Metadata • Professionals • Casual Users • Annotations, bookmarks, ratings • LOM • Machine • Object, context • Usage data • Language translations • Other brokers • Discovery • Search, browse, sort, refine • Browse (keywords, tags) • Social recommendation • Alerts User User User Indexer Broker Metadata Gathering Provider Broker User User Provider Broker Consumer Broker User Indexer Provider Broker Metadata Exposure • Harvesting • REST • File transfer • Federated Search • Web services • REST • Alerts, publish Harvesting - REST - File transfer Federated Search - Web services - REST Alerts, publish Own discovery tools Your Widget Repository Referatory Query Enrichment Registry

  41. Brokering Collection Metadata • Professionals • Casual Users • Annotations, bookmarks, ratings • LOM • Machine • Object, context • Usage data • Language translations • Other brokers • Discovery • Search, browse, sort, refine • Browse (keywords, tags) • Social recommendation • Alerts User User User Indexer Broker Metadata Gathering Provider Broker User User Provider Broker Consumer Broker User Indexer Provider Broker Metadata Exposure • Harvesting • REST • File transfer • Federated Search • Web services • REST • Alerts, publish Harvesting - REST - File transfer Federated Search - Web services - REST Alerts, publish Own discovery tools Your Widget Registry Query Enrichment Registry

  42. Line of Argument Roles Benefits Line of Argument Enablers

  43. Establishing a Line of Argument • Starting from enablers and their properties • I do X in order to … • This feature is important because … • Starting from benefits • This benefit can be achieved by …

  44. Examples • Bookmarking is important because • It is the basis for social recommendation • Social recommendation is important because • Is this really true? • It is an effective and efficient way of discovery • This is a benefit for users • Questions • Is there no better basis for social recommendation? • How many users would bookmark? • How many users would use social recommendation ?

  45. Examples • We apply creative commons because • It facilitates access to free resources • This is a benefit for the user • However this is a disbenefit to publishers

  46. Conclusion • Benefits and dis-benefits can and should be elicited • This can be done by • Understanding the stakeholder roles • The benefits of these roles • The enablers; in our case LT enablers • The line of reasoning between enablers and the benefits • Stakeholders’ involvement is essential for establishing the benefits

  47. Thank youQuestions 48

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