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Chapter 6 Features

Chapter 6 Features . PHONOLOGY (Lane 335). Segmental Composition . Speech sounds can be decomposed into a number of articulatory components. Combining these properties in different ways produces different speech sounds. properties= features

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Chapter 6 Features

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  1. Chapter 6Features PHONOLOGY (Lane 335)

  2. Segmental Composition • Speech sounds can be decomposed into a number of articulatory components. • Combining these properties in different ways produces different speech sounds. • properties= features • Features show what sounds have in common & how they are related or not related.

  3. Natural class • Similar sounds that are grouped together because they share some features • Example [p, t, k] is a natural class of (alveolar stops)

  4. Phonetic vs. Phonological Features • Phonetic features: correspond to physical articulatory or acoustic events • Phonological features: 1- look beyond the individual segments at the sound system of language. 2- features to characterize speech sounds in the languages of the world. 3- some features are relevant only for consonants; others are only for vowels.

  5. Phonetic vs. Phonological Features • To characterize place of articulation: e.g. [palatal] & use +, or – • Binary feature: a feature that has only two values (+ or -) • Phonologists express true generalizations about phonological structure as economically as possible.

  6. Phonological Features • Major places of articulation: • [+ anterior]: sounds produced no further back in the oral tract than the alveolar ridge • [+ coronal]: sounds produced in the area bounded by the teeth & hard palate

  7. Major Class Features • Distinguish major classes of speech sounds: Consonants & vowels, sonorants & obstruents 1- [+/- syllabic]: distinguish vowels from other sounds • [+ syll]: function as the nucleus of a syllable e.g: [æ ] & [ɪ ] in [r æb ɪt] • [- syll]: don’t function as syllabic nuclei; [r] & [b] in [r æb ɪt] • Sounds other than vowels might be syllabic (liquids & nasals) in [bʌ tn]

  8. Major Class Features 2- [+/- consonantal]: distinguish consonants (obstruents, liquids, & nasals) from vowels & glides. • [+ cons]: involve oral stricture of close approximation ([p], [l], [t]) • [- cons]: with stricture more open than close approximation ([j], [e])

  9. Major Class Features 3- [+/ - sonorant]: distinguish vowels, glides, liquids, & nasals from oral stops, affricates & fricatives. • [+ son]: produced with spontaneous voicing • [- son] or (obstruents) spontaneous voicing is inhibited. • Vowels, nasals & liquids are sonorants • Stops, fricatives & affricates are obstruents.

  10. Major Class Features

  11. Consonantal Features • 1- [+/ - voice]: consonants with vibrating vocal cords & those which are not • [+ voi]: with airflow through the glottis; vocal cords close to vibrate, such as [l], [m], [n] • [- voi]: with vocal cords at rest; relevant to obstruents, such as [s], [p] • Although vowels are typically voiced, we find voiceless vowels in languages like Mexican

  12. Place Features • [+/ - coronal]: distinguish sounds which involve the front of the tongue from others • [+ cor]: articulated with the tongue tip or blade raised [j, l, r, n, t, d, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ , ʒ , tʃ , dʒ ] • [- cor] sounds which don’t involve the front of the tongue [w, m, ŋ , k, g, h, f, v, p, b]

  13. Place Features • [+/ - anterior]: distinguishes between sounds produced in the front of the mouth (labials, dentals & alveolars) and other sounds • [+ ant]: produced at or in front of the alveolar ridge [l, r, n, m, t, d, θ, ð, s, z, f, v, p, b] • [- ant]: produced further back in the oral cavity than the alveolar ridge [j, w, ŋ, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, k, g, h]

  14. Place Features • Labials: [- cor, + ant] [m, f, v, p, b] • Dentals/ Alveolars: [+ cor, + ant] [ l, r, n, t, d, θ, ð, s, z] • palato- Alveoars/ palatals: [+ cor, - ant] [j,ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ] • Velars/Glotals/ pharyngeals/uvulars: [- cor, - ant] [w, ŋ, k, g, h, ?]

  15. Manner Features 1- [+/ - continuant]: distinguishes between stops & other sounds [+ cont]: there is airflow through the oral cavity [j, w, l, r, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, f, v] [- cont]: in which the airflow is stopped in the oral cavity [n, m, ŋ, t, d, tʃ, dʒ, k, g, p, b]

  16. Manner Features 2- [+/- nasal]: distinguish nasal & non-nasal sounds • [+ nas]: produced with the velum lowered & air flow through the nasal cavity [n, m, ŋ ] • [- nas]: without airflow through nasal cavity [j, w, l, r, d, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, k, g, h, f, v, p, b]

  17. Manner Features 3- [+/- strident]: separates turbulent sounds from others • [+ strid]: complex constriction resulting in noisy airflow [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, f, v] • [- strid]: without such constriction [j, w, l, r, n, m, ŋ, t, d, θ, ð, k, g, h, p, b]

  18. Manner Features 4- [+/- lateral]: separates [l] sounds from others • [+ lat]: central oral obstruction & airflow passing over one or both sides of the tongue [l] • [- lat]: all other sounds

  19. Manner Features 5- [+/- delayed release]: distinguishes affricates from other [- cont] segments • [+ del rel]: produced with stop closure in the oral cavity followed by frication at some point [tʃ, dʒ] • [- del rel]: without frication

  20. Vocalic Features (vowels) • 1- [high]: • [+ hi]: body of the tongue raised above the neutral position in [ə] Vowels [iː, ɪ, ʊ, uː ] Consonants [j, k] • [- hi]: the body of the tongue is not raised

  21. Vocalic Features 2- [low] • [+ lo]: body of the tongue is lowered with respect to the neutral position Consonants: [?], [h] Vowels: [ɒ, ɑː, ʌ, æ] • [- lo]: without such lowering

  22. Vocalic Features 3- [back] • [+ back]: body of the tongue is retracted from neutral position Consonants: [k, g, ŋ] Vowels: [ʊ, uː, ɔ, oː, ɒ, ɑː] • [- back]: tongue is not retracted All English consonants except the velars are [ -back]

  23. Vocalic Features 4- [front] • [+ front]: sounds for which the tongue is fronted from the neutral position [ɪ, iː, æ, e, ɜː] • [- front]: the tongue is not fronted.

  24. Vocalic Features 5- [round] • [+ rnd]: produced with rounded lips Consonants: [w] Vowels: [ʊ, uː, ɒ, ɔ, oː] • [- rnd]: produced with neutral or spread lips

  25. Vocalic Features 6- [tense] • [+ tns]: involve muscular constriction (longer sounds) [iː, uː, ɑː, eː] • [ - tns]: no constriction (shorter sounds)

  26. Vocalic Features 7- [Advanced Tongue Root] • for describing West African & other languages vowels (vowel harmony) • words have vowels from certain sets & not a mixture of both sets • [+ ATR]: the root of the tongue pushed forward • [- ATR]: tongue root is not pushed forward.

  27. Problems with the features • There are some problems of these features; For example: • Some combinations represents physical impossibility [+ hi, + lo] • The system overgenerates; represents types not found in human languages. • Using the feature [back] doesn’t represent languages with central vowels.

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