Cascading of Objectives

1. Goal setting: involves establishing specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-targeted goals

2. Management by objectives (MBO) : is a process of defining objective within an organization so that Management and employee agree to the objectives and understand what they need to do in the organization in order to achieve them. Cascading of Objectives

3. Self-efficacy: is the measure of the belief in one's own ability to complete tasks and reach goals.

4. Reinforcement Theory A behavioral construct where control is achieved by manipulating the consequences of behavior. A Business Manager use reinforcement theory might employ rewards for desirable behavior by staff and punishment for undesirable behavior to help steer employees toward intended performance goal

5. Equity theory: a theory that attempts to explain relational satisfaction in terms of perceptions of fair/unfair distributions of resources within interpersonal relationships.

6. Organizational justice • Overall perception of what is fair in the workplace 1-Distributive justice: perceived fairness of outcome. 2-Procedural justice : perceived fairness of process used to determine outcome . 3- interactional justice : perceived degree to which one is treated with concern and respect .

7. : perceived fairness of outcome

8. Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will decide to behave or act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that selected behavior will be. • the motivation of the behavior selection is determined by the desirability of the outcome

9. Concluding remarks • Integrating contemporary theories of motivation • Motivational theories are often culture-bound