Renaissance Politics in Northern Europe

1. Renaissance Politics in Northern Europe By Loose & Dyson 9/5/2012 AP European History

2. English Politics • England adapted a national monarchy • It was a sin against God to not support the King wherever rulers claimed to rule by "Divine Right." (And in England, the King was also the head of the Anglican Church.)

3. Difference from Middle Ages • New monarchies • New commoners section of Parliament • Peasants actually had a voice • No tax for the middle class

4. New Monarchies • At the start of the Renaissance, new monarchies started forming • Mainly in Western Europe (ex. France, Spain, England) • Decisions were made by the king and exercised through his agents apply to whole state

5. German Politics • Religious split was influenced by the political situation • Various princes had been fighting the Emperor for many years

6. French Politics Charles VII (r. 1422 –1461) • –Used a royal council made up of middle class men • –Permanent professional army • –Removed the English from France Taxes: –Gabelle-tax on salt instituted to raise money –Taille–a tax on the peasant’s land –King did not use the Estates General to tax people after 1484 –these two taxes gave him enough money

7. Charles I of Spain (r. 1519-1598) Problems: • Protestant Reformation in Germany • Dynastic conflict with Francis I of France, particularly for supremacy in Italy • Ottoman Turks, then at the height of their power. He also had difficulties with his Spanish subjects, who at first regarded him as a foreigner. Successes: • Promoting the Catholic Reformation • Imperialist struggle with France • Conquest of Mexico and Peru

8. Henry VIII (r. 1486-1509) • Did not: • use Parliament to collect funds • tax the middle class • keep a standing army • Did: • improve the court systems • use middle class as his chief ministers • led England to prosperity and peace

9. Works Cited • http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/ren.html • http://worldhistory.knowledge4africa.com/reformation/reformation-01.jsp • http://www.darienps.org/teachers/grsmith/ap_euro/renaissance/ap_renaissance_politics.pdf

10. Literature of the Northern Rennaissance Zack Funk

11. William Shakespeare

12. The Immortal Bard (bio) • Born in 1564 during the Elizabethan era • I.E. the time that was considered a peak of English patriotism and radical advances in thinking after the defeat of the Spanish Armada • PLAGIARISED many of his plots from earlier works • Works now the most quoted in the English language, other than the books of the Bible

13. Relation to the Northern Rennaisance • Works such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Othello are based almost purely upon human tendencies and emotions. (entirely unheard of subject matter until this era) • “Shakespearean Language” refers to the poetic license with diction and syntax that characterizes his works. • Terms such as “doth”, “thou”, “prithee”, “woo”, and “O’er”, etc- all revolutionized poetic language. • Iambic Pentameter • "Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, ....” • Plays performed across the English Isle (first theatre was the Globe)

14.  Miguel de Cervantes 

15. Bio • Spaniard • Born 1547 • Born to a noble family; faced hardship after father imprisoned for debts • Enlisted as a soldier • By this time, knighthood and feudalism had been phased out of society

16. The Tale of Don Quixote •  "the knight of the woeful countenance,” • "lean, lank, meagre, drooping, sharp-backed, and raw-boned…” steed. • These descriptions highlight the extended paradoxical, metaphor that not only ridiculed the ways of old (when such traditions were to be practiced in his modern era), but also served to illustrate the writer’s own trials, tribulations, and difficulties in life.

17. Bibliography • Man Is The Measure. N.p.: n.p., 1992. Chapter 12. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://history-world.org/northern_renaissance.htm>. • Blocher, Laura. Shakespearean Language. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://dana.ucc.nau.edu/~lam37/romeo_juliet/page3.htm>. • Cervantes, Miguel. Don Quixote. N.p.: n.p., 1605. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. • Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. • Shakespeare, William. Othello. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. • http://public.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/shakespeare/r&j5.html Web. 4 Sept. 2012. • fabmoraes.cgsociety.org Web. 4 Sept. 2012.

18. Women in the Northern Renaissance Kayla Clark and Courtney Hart

19. How It Got Started • The Italian Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe and created the Northern Renaissance. • The main countries of the Northern Renaissance included England, Germany, Switzerland and France. • Northern Europe began recovering economically from the Black Death. • The population of Northern Europe started to grow back in 1450.

20. Women’s Reforms • Christine de Pizan fought for women’s education. • Many Europeans could not read or write. • Wealthy families sent only their sons to school. • Pizan was highly educated and the first woman to become a successful writer. • Best known for defending women.

21. The Book of The City of Ladies The book creates an imaginary city of women. Pizan argues that women have been viewed unfairly. The city is still prosperous despite the lack of men.

22. Overview • Women were inferior to their husbands. • They could own property, but could not sell without authorization. • Boys were valued more than girls. • Poor families would abandon young girls. • Girls were considered expensive because of the dowry to marry them off.

23. Role of Women • Primarily to serve their father and husband. • They were not meant to be successful on their own. • Their father’s had the final decision on their future and whether they would marry. • The feelings of women were not highly regarded.

24. Marriage • A woman would inherit her husband’s property when he died. • It was proper to pass the property on to a son. • She was under pressure by society to marry again. • It was not the norm for a woman to be in charge of the household.

25. Marriage Continued • The wife’s social status was controlled by the husband. • The dowry could buy the woman a man with a higher rank in society. • When a woman married, her “ownership” shifted from that of her father to her new husband. • It was easier to divorce a non-religious man.

26. Contrasting Views on Women • Thomas Aquinas • Viewed women as unimportant. • Created only to be a sex object.

27. Contrasting Views Continued • Martin Luther • Argued that women were important. • Played an important role in raising the children and keeping the home tidy.

28. Different Types of Women • A noble woman had more power to govern her household. • A woman married to an artisan would help him run his business. • Peasant women worked throughout their pregnancy and were expected to return to work soon after giving birth.

29. Education • College study was not an option for women. • They were considered intellectually inferior to men. • They could not have a profession.

30. Working Women • Some women had to work due to money issues. • Low wages. • Jobs included spinning, weaving or clothing production.

31. How Women Relate to Regions • Certain regions of The Holy Roman Empire valued women more than others. • Regions close to the Mediterranean had poor views of women. • Regions in the territories of Germany considered women more important with the success of the community.

32. Birth Rates • Started to decline • Rumored to have been a form of contraception • Oral herbal medicines that could limit fertility

33. Witchcraft • The witch hunt was strong in Europe during the Northern Renaissance. • Witches were tortured until they confessed. • Faced severe punishments. “Witches” by Hans Baldung Grien.

34. A Contrast- Women of the Middle Ages • They were expected to obey men. • If they failed to obey men, they were beaten and accused of committing a crime against their religion.

35. Women of the Middle Ages Continued • They did receive an education. • It was not school related. • They learned how to maintain a household. • Essentially, it was not to their benefit.

36. Women of the Middle Ages Continued • Women were often sent to live with a noble family. • They would learn etiquette and how to properly maintain a residence. • Marriages were arranged. • They had no say in the man they married.

37. “Did Women Have A Renaissance?” • Joan Kelly • Historian, lecturer, professor. • Challenged the Renaissance. • She thought the power of women disintegrated during this period. • Kelly said the Renaissance created something that is still present today: women’s dependency on men. “Did Women Have A Renaissance?” was published in 1977.

38. Do you think the Renaissance has affected women in society to this day?

39. Sources • http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/15th-century/northern-renaissance/review/northern-renaissance • http://www.euro-webonline.com/world_cultures/The%20Northern%20Renaissance%2017%202.pdf • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies • http://faculty.msmc.edu/lindeman/piz5.html • http://www.historydoctor.net/Advanced%20Placement%20European%20History/Notes/social_change_at_the_time_of_the_Renaissance_and_Northern_Renaissance.htm • http://worldhistory.knowledge4africa.com/women/women-04.jsp • http://www.crystalinks.com/aquinas.html • http://germanyiswunderbar.com/eastern-germany/germany-holidays-martin-luther/ • http://www.virtue.to/articles/arnolfini.html • http://www.erichufschmid.net/Social_Tech/Society-2.html • http://thejudgement.net/chapter_two.htm • http://www.wiccanone.org.uk/history.html • http://www.theslideprojector.com/art6/art6lecturepresentations/art6lecture4.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft • http://robinurton.com/history/Renaissance/northrenaiss.htm • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=northern+renaissance+labor&um • http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071111081229AASsly2 • http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/noble-women-in-the-middle-ages.htm

40. Sources •  "AP European History." - 15th Century. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://www.learnerator.com/ap-european-history/15th-century/northern-renaissance/review/northern-renaissance>. •  "The Northern Renaissance." Euro-webonline.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://www.euro-webonline.com/world_cultures/The%20Northern%20Renaissance%2017%202.pdf>. •  Wagner, Jill E. Christine De Pizan's City of Ladies: A Monumental (Re)construction Of, By, and for Women of All Time. Digital image. Medievalists.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. •  "The Book of the City of Ladies." N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://faculty.msmc.edu/lindeman/piz5.html>. •  "Social Changes at the Time of the Renaissance." Historydoctor.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. •  "Women's Status in Europe, 1500 to 1700." Women's Status in Europe, 1500 to 1700. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://worldhistory.knowledge4africa.com/women/women-04.jsp>. •  Thomas Aquinas. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://www.crystalinks.com/aquinas.html>. •  Cranach, Lucas. Germany Holidays: Martin Luther. Digital image. Wunderban! N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. •  "Middle Ages Women." Middle Ages Women. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-women.htm>. •  Du Pre Argent, Cynthia. Some Related Headdresses of the 15th Century:theories on Construction. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. •  Create Seperate Clothing Styles for Work and Socializing. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://www.erichufschmid.net/Social_Tech/Society-2.html>. •  The Holy Roman Empire map. Digital image. The Judgement. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://thejudgement.net/chapter_two.htm>. •  "A Short History of Witchcraft." A Short History of Witchcraft. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://www.wiccanone.org.uk/history.html>. •  Anguissola, Sofonisba. The Northern Renaissance. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://www.theslideprojector.com/art6/art6lecturepresentations/art6lecture4.html>. •  Grien, Hans Baldung. Witches. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft>. •  Eyck, Jan Van. Arnolfini Wedding, 1434. Digital image. The Northern Renaissance. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://robinurton.com/history/Renaissance/northrenaiss.htm>. •  "Did Women's Roles Change Dramatically during the Renaissance and the Reformation?" Yahoo! Answers. Yahoo!, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20071111081229AASsly2>. •  Boursse, Esaias. Interior with and Old Woman at a Spinning Wheel 1667. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. <http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/Esaias-Boursse/Interior-With-An-Old-Woman-At-A-Spinning-Wheel-1667.html>. • Joan Kelly Collaborative Law Vs Mediation Mediatecom Video." World News. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2012. <http://wn.com/Joan_Kelly_Collaborative_Law_vs_Mediation__Mediatecom_Video>.

41. PAINTING OF THE NORTHERN EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE BY ARIANA MIRAGLIA AND HARRISON HOLTSLANDERPERIOD 6

42. Relating to the Time Period

43. Relating to the Time Period The biggest separating factors of the Renaissance and the Middle Ages were the decline of the Feudalism System and the rise of the Humanism movement….

44. Relating to the Time Period • The dwindling of the feudalism* system had a great impact on the art of Europe. • This, in turn, also had an impact on the Catholic church. Although that was a bigger problem for Italy, it is important to note that it brought upon Humanism. • The idea of Humanism* started in Italy and eventually spread to Northern Europe. Feudalism: a system that structures society around rank determined by the holding of land in exchange for labor. Humanism: a system of thinking where the prime importance is to the human rather to a supernatural or godly being

45. HOWEVER. Northern European Renaissance art and Middle Ages art were more similar than you may think….

46. Example of Medieval Art The Book Of Kells Late 8th CenturyIlluminated ManuscriptIona, Scotland

47. Example of Northern European Art These images were dated to the Northern European renaissance. Both are illuminated manuscripts that share similar qualities to those of the previous Medieval images.

48. Relating to the Region

49. Relating to the Region • At the time, Italy was dominant in the art aspect of Europe. • Northern European artists were prominent- but there were less of them and harder to find. • Their art, however, took on different forms than the Italian. Some forms include illuminated manuscripts, tapestries, and furnishings. (similar to Middle Ages) • In terms of wealth, Burgundy (located around modern day Belgium) was in close comparison to Italy’s Florence. • Burgundy Dukes were great patrons of art and were the artist’s biggest financial suppliers.

50. Relating to the Region • Also different from Italy, the Northern European Artists took more attention to how the picture looked like rather than the scientific accuracy behind it. • Color and detail were essential in northern painting unlike in Italy. The more the better!